Kodi Deep Discharge ndi chiyani?

Kutaya kwakuya kumachitika pamene batire imagwiritsa ntchito 80% kapena kupitilira mphamvu yake yonse isanabwerenso. Izi zimasiyana ndi momwe mabatire amatulutsira momwe mabatire amagwirira ntchito mkati mwa 20-50% ya mphamvu zawo. Mabatire akathamangitsidwa kwambiri, kusintha kosasinthika kwamankhwala kumayamba komwe kumachepetsa mphamvu yawo yosunga ndikupereka mphamvu.

Dep of Discharge imayesa kuchuluka kwa batire yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera kuchuluka komwe kulipo. Ngati batire ya 100 amp-ola (Ah) itulutsa 80 Ah, ifika pa 80% DoD.

Kuwerengera ndikosavuta:

DoD (%)=(Kuthekera Kogwiritsidwa Ntchito / Kutha Kwathunthu) × 100

DoD imatsutsa mwachindunji State of Charge (SoC). Pamene DoD ndi 80%, SoC ndi 20%. Ma metrics awiriwa amagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti apereke chithunzi chonse cha momwe batire ilili{4}}DoD imakuuzani zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe SoC imakuwonetsani zomwe zatsala.

Opanga mabatire amayika malire enieni a DoD pamakhemistri osiyanasiyana. Lead{{1}mabatire a asidi sakuyenera kupitirira 50% DoD kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse, pamene mabatire a lithiamu-ion amatha kugwira bwino ntchito 80-90% DoD. Malire awa alipo chifukwa kutulutsa kozama kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zamkati ziwonongeke.

Deep Discharge

Mabatire akamatuluka kwambiri, njira zodziwika bwino zamankhwala zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kosatha kutengera kapangidwe ka batri.

Mumabatire a lead{{0}asidi, kutulutsa kwake kumasintha lead dioxide ndi siponji kukhala lead sulfate kudzera mu zochita za sulfuric acid. Pakutuluka kwabwinobwino, makhiristo otsogolera a sulfate amakhala ang'onoang'ono ndipo amabwereranso mosavuta akamawotchanso. Komabe, kutulutsa kwakuya kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa lead sulfate.

Makhiristo a sulphatewa amauma ndikukulirakulira kudzera munjira yotchedwa sulfation. Makhiristo akafika pakukula kwina, amakhala aliuma ndikukana kusinthanso kukhala zinthu zogwira ntchito panthawi yobwezeretsanso. Kafukufuku wochokera ku Midtronics akuwonetsa kuti batire ya 12-volt lead-acid yomwe ikutsika pansi pa 10.5 volts ikamalowa imalowa m'dera lakuya komwe sulfure imathamanga kwambiri.

Batire ikakhala nthawi yayitali yotayidwa kwambiri, m'pamenenso sulfation iyi imakhala yokhazikika. Zikavuta kwambiri, zidutswa za zinthu zogwira zimachoka m'mbale zomwe zimatchedwa kukhetsa mbale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabwalo afupikitsidwe komanso kulephera kwathunthu kwa batire.

Mabatire a Lithium-ion amakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana komanso akulu. Ikatulutsidwa pansi pa voteji yawo yotetezeka (nthawi zambiri 2.5V pa selo), mkuwa wochokera ku anode wotolera pano umayamba kusungunuka kulowa mu electrolyte.

Akamatchajitsa, ma ion a mkuwa osungunukawa amatha kubweza ku anode, kupanga ma dendrites-tinyezi ting'onoting'ono timene timamera mkati mwa batire. Kafukufuku wa 2016 mu Scientific Reports adapeza kuti kutaya kwambiri kupitirira -12% kuchuluka kwa ndalama kumayambitsa mabwalo amkati amkati kudzera pamakina amkuwawa.

Kuonjezera apo, kutaya kwambiri kumawononga wosanjikiza wa Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), filimu yoteteza pa anode. Izi wosanjikiza zambiri kupewa zapathengo zotsatira za mankhwala. Akawonongeka, zochitika za batri zimawonjezera kukana kwamkati ndikuchepetsa mphamvu. Deta ya IEEE ikuwonetsa kuti mabatire omwe amangotulutsa madzi pafupipafupi amataya mphamvu 40% mwachangu kuposa omwe amasungidwa m'malire ovomerezeka.

Mafakitale osiyanasiyana a batri ali ndi ma voltage cutoffs omwe amatanthauzira kutulutsa kwakukulu:

Otsogolera-Mabatire A Acid:

Zokwanira: 12.6-12.8V (ya batri ya 12V)

50% yotulutsidwa: 12.2V

Kutaya kwakuya: 10.5V

Mulingo wowonongeka kwambiri: Pansi pa 10.5V

Lithium-Mabatire a ion:

Kudzaza kwathunthu: 4.2V pa selo

Nthawi zambiri ntchito: 3.7-4.0V pa selo

Kutaya kwakuya: 3.0V pa selo

Chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kosatha: Pansi pa 2.5V pa selo

Mabatire a LiFePO4:

Kudzaza kwathunthu: 3.65V pa selo

Nthawi zambiri ntchito: 3.2-3.4V pa selo

Kutulutsa kotetezedwa: 2.5V pa selo

Kuwonongeka kwapakati: Pansi pa 2.0V pa selo

Mphamvu ya batire ikatsika pansi pazigawo izi, kukana kwamkati kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti recharging ikhale yovuta kwambiri ndipo imatulutsa kutentha kwambiri panthawi yolipiritsa, ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka.

Mgwirizano pakati pa kuya kwa kutulutsa ndi moyo wanthawi zonse umalembedwa bwino-koma nthawi zambiri samvetsetseka.

Batire ya lead{{0}acid yotulutsidwa mpaka 50% DoD ikhoza kubweretsa mikombero 800 isanakwane 80% ya mphamvu yoyambira. Batire lomwelo lomwe latulutsidwa ku 80% DoD limangopereka mikombero pafupifupi 350. Masamuwa akuwoneka ngati osagwirizana{8}kodi akuyenera kupereka mphamvu zambiri pa moyo wa batri?

Chowonadi ndi chosasinthika. Ngakhale kutulutsa kozama kulikonse kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri, kuwonongeka kwachangu kumachepetsa mphamvu zonse zamoyo zonse. Zachitsanzo choyambirira cha{{2}asidi pamwambapa:

50% DoD: 800 mikombero × 50%=400 zonse zotulutsa zofanana

80% DoD: 350 mikombero × 80%=280 zonse zotulutsa zofanana

Kutulutsa kozama kozama kumapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo 43% pa moyo wa batri.

Mabatire a Lithium-ion amawonetsa kulimba mtima. Batire yabwino ya LiFePO4 imatha kunyamula ma 2,000+ ma cycle pa 80% DoD poyerekeza ndi 200-300 cycles for lead{{9}asidi pa kuya komweko. Kulekerera kozama kwambiri kumeneku kumapangitsa matekinoloje a lithiamu kukhala abwino pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kupalasa njinga pafupipafupi.

Deep Discharge

Kutulutsa kozama kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito 10-30% yokha ya mphamvu ya batri musanayikenso. Njirayi imachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika pazigawo za batri.

Kafukufuku wochokera kwa opanga mabatire angapo akutsimikizira kuti kupalasa njinga mozama pamitengo yotsika kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kocheperako. Kafukufuku wokhudza mabatire a LiFePO4 adapeza kuti pa 50% ya charger ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 25, mabatire amakhalabe ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 80% kwa zaka 23.8-kuposa zitsimikizo zanthawi zonse.

Kutulutsa kwakuya kumapereka mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu koma kumathandizira kukalamba. Kupsinjika kwamakina pazida zogwira ntchito panthawi yotulutsa kwambiri kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Pamagalimoto amagetsi ndi zamagetsi zonyamulika, zotulutsa zocheperako nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwinoko kwanthawi yayitali-ngakhale zimafunika kuzitchangitsa pafupipafupi.

Komabe, nkhani ndi zofunika. Makina osungira magetsi oyendera dzuwa nthawi zambiri amafunikira kutulutsa kwakuya kwambiri kuti achulukitse kupezeka kwamagetsi kwausiku pomwe dzuŵa silikuwala. M'mapulogalamuwa, kuthekera kofikira 80-90% ya kuchuluka kwa batire kumatsimikizira moyo wocheperako pang'ono.

Mapaketi amakono a batri akuphatikizanso Battery Management Systems (BMS) opangidwa makamaka kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwakuya.

BMS imayang'anira mosalekeza magawo angapo ofunikira:

Kuwunika kwa Voltage:BMS imatsata ma voltages amtundu uliwonse ndikuchotsa katunduyo pamene selo iliyonse ikuyandikira magetsi ake. Pamabatire a lithiamu-ayoni, izi zimachitika pa 2.5-3.0V pa selo iliyonse. Dongosolo limalepheretsa batire kuti lisatuluke mopitilira malire otetezeka ngakhale chipangizocho chikapitilira kuyesa kukoka mphamvu.

Kuchepetsa Panopa:Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwambiri kumathandizira kutsika kwamagetsi ndikuwonjezera kutentha. BMS imaletsa kutulutsa kwapano kukhala milingo yotetezeka kutengera kutentha kwa batri ndi momwe akulipirira.

Kuwongolera Kutentha:Kutuluka kwakuya kumapangitsa kutentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kukana kwamkati. BMS imayang'anira kutentha ndikuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kutulutsa ngati malire amafuta apitilira.

Kusanja Maselo:M'mapaketi-ambiri, ma cell samatuluka chimodzimodzi. Popanda kulinganiza, selo limodzi limatha kutuluka mozama pamene ena amasunga mphamvu. BMS imawonetsetsa kuti ma cell onse amatuluka mofanana, kuletsa ma cell kuti asalowe m'magulu oopsa.

A khalidweLifiyamu ion batire chargerimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi BMS poyesa magetsi a cell musanayambe kulipiritsa. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikatsikira pansi pa 2.5V pa cell, ma charger amakono amagwiritsa ntchito "boost" kapena trickle charge mode, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa (nthawi zambiri 0.05C) kuti akweze voteji pang'onopang'ono kuti azitchaja bwino. Izi zimalepheretsa kupanga ma dendrites omwe angachitike ngati kuyitanitsa kokwanira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku selo lotulutsidwa kwambiri.

Malinga ndi Battery University, ma charger opanda chitetezo ichi amangokana mabatire omwe atulutsidwa kwambiri ngati "osatheka," ngakhale kuchira mosamalitsa kungakhale kotheka ndi zida zoyenera.

Kuchira bwino kumadalira kwambiri momwe batire idakhalira mumkhalidwe wotayidwa kwambiri komanso kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.

Pamabatire a lead{{0}acid omwe agwidwa m'masiku ochepa atatuluka kwambiri, mitengo yochira imafika 70% pamitundu ya AGM ndi 30% ya mabatire osefukira. Ndondomekoyi imafuna kuleza mtima:

Gwiritsani ntchito charger yanzeru yokhala ndi desulfation mode

Ikani pakali pano (0.1C kapena kuchepera) kwa maola 24-48

Monitor voltage rise-iyenera kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kufika pa 12.6V

Ngati mapiri otsika pansi pa 12V pambuyo pa maola 48, kuwonongeka kosatha kwachitika

Ma charger apadera ngati mndandanda wa NOCO Genius amaphatikiza ma aligorivimu a desulfation omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pulse charger kuti aphwanye makhiristo olimba a sulfate. Komabe, ngati batire yakhala yotayidwa kwa milungu kapena miyezi, sulfation imakhala yosasinthika.

Lithium-ion recovery is riskier ndipo imafuna kusamala kwambiri. Osayesa kupezanso mabatire a lifiyamu omwe akhala osachepera 1.5V pa selo kupitilira sabata imodzi-ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yoti atayidwe.

Kwa mabatire a lithiamu omwe atulutsidwa posachedwa (mphamvu pakati pa 2.0-2.5V pa selo):

Ikani 0.05C pakali pano mpaka voteji ifike pa 3.0V

Yang'anirani kutentha kosalekeza-imaima ngati batire likutentha

Mphamvu yamagetsi ikakhazikika pamwamba pa 3.0V, sinthani ku protocol yacharging yanthawi zonse

Chitani maulendo angapo athunthu / kutulutsa kuti mubwezeretse mphamvu

Kafukufuku wokhudza kuchira kwa batri la LiFePO4 akuwonetsa kuti njira zobwezeretsera zomwe zachitidwa bwino zimatha kubwezeretsanso mpaka 70% ya mphamvu mwadzina, ngakhale magwiridwe antchito sabwereranso ku mabatire atsopano.

Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi kuchira kwa lithiamu ndikupanga dendrite. Ngati zida zowonongeka za mkuwa kapena lifiyamu zilipo kale kuchokera kumadzi akuya, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumatha kukulitsa ma dendrites mpaka atalumikiza cholekanitsa ndikuyambitsa mabwalo amkatikati. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akatswiri ambiri amalangiza kuti musayese kuchira kamodzi mphamvu yamagetsi itsika pansi pa 2.0V pa selo.

Kumvetsetsa momwe mabatire amafikira pakuya kozama kumathandiza kupewa.

Katundu wa Parasitic:Magalimoto amakono ndi zida zimakoka mphamvu ngakhale "zozimitsa." Zotetezera, mawotchi, ndi makina okumbukira makompyuta amachititsa kuti madzi asawonongeke. Batire yathanzi imatha kunyamula, koma ikatalikitsa osagwiritsa ntchito-makamaka nyengo yozizira{3}kutha kutulutsa madzi ambiri. Zambiri zochokera kumalo opangira magalimoto zikuwonetsa kuti magalimoto omwe amakhala osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa milungu 3-4 nthawi zambiri amapanga mabatire otayika kwambiri.

Kulephera kwa Alternator kapena Charging System:Pamene alternator ya galimoto yalephereka, batire iyenera kuyatsa zida zonse zamagetsi popanda kuyitanitsa. Madalaivala ambiri samazindikira nthawi yomweyo kulephera kwa alternator, kupitiliza kuyendetsa galimoto mpaka batire itatheratu. Mayeso akuwonetsa kuti batire yagalimoto yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi agalimoto popanda thandizo la alternator imatuluka mkati mwa mphindi 30-90 mutayendetsa.

Kusunga Popanda Kukonza:Mabatire amadzitulutsa okha-opanda kulumikizidwa. Mabatire a lead-acid amataya 3-20% ya mtengo wake pamwezi malinga ndi kutentha. Mabatire a Lithium-awo amazizima pang'onopang'ono (1-5% pamwezi) koma amafunikirabe kulitcha nthawi ndi nthawi posungira. Mabatire omwe amasungidwa kwa miyezi 6-12 popanda kuyitanitsa kukonza nthawi zambiri amagwera m'madzi akuya kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mopambanitsa Pakati pa Malipiro:Magalimoto amagetsi amayendetsedwa mopitilira kuchuluka kwake komwe adavotera, mabanki a mabatire adzuwa omwe amathandizira katundu pamtambo wamtambo wautali, kapena zida zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza popanda kuyitanitsanso zomwe zimatuluka pachiwopsezo chilichonse. Chiwopsezo chachikulu chimachitika ogwiritsa akanyalanyaza-machenjezo a batri yocheperako ndikupitiliza kugwira ntchito.

Mapulogalamu ena amafunikira mabatire omwe amatha kuyendetsa njinga pafupipafupi.

Kusungirako Mphamvu za Dzuwa:-Makina oyendera dzuwa amayenera kupereka magetsi usiku wonse pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zotengedwa masana. Izi zimafuna kutulutsa kozama kwambiri. Mabanki abwino a sola amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lead-acid deep-ayike mozungulira (omwe adavotera 50% DoD) kapena a LiFePO4 (adavoteredwa ndi 80-90% DoD). Dongosolo loyendera dzuwa limatha kuzungulira 60-80% ya mphamvu ya batri usiku uliwonse.

Ntchito Zam'madzi:Maboti amafunikira mphamvu zodalirika zothandizira kuyenda, kuyatsa, ndi zida zoyankhulirana. Mabatire a m'madzi a m'madzi{1}amatha kuloleza kuchucha mobwerezabwereza pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kunyamula mahotelo usiku wonse. Mabatire am'madzi a AGM amapereka mwayi womanga wotsekedwa (palibe kutayikira m'nyanja yolimba) pomwe akugwira 50-60% DoD pafupipafupi.

Magalimoto Osangalatsa:RV nyumba batire mabanki zida zamagetsi, kuyatsa, ndi zamagetsi pamene sanagwirizane ndi mphamvu ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Monga ntchito zam'madzi, ma RV amafunikira mabatire omwe amatha kutulutsa kwambiri. Ma RV amakono akugwiritsa ntchito mabanki a lithiamu makamaka chifukwa chakuya kwawo kwakukulu-kulekerera kutulutsa komanso moyo wautali.

Magalimoto Amagetsi:Ma EV nthawi zambiri amathira 20-80% ya mphamvu ya batire pa nthawi yoyendetsa bwino. Izi zikuyimira kutuluka kwakuya kwambiri poyerekeza ndi injini{5}}mabatire oyambira omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito 2-5% poyambira. Ma batire a EV amagwiritsa ntchito ma chemistries a lithiamu-ion (omwe nthawi zambiri a NMC kapena NCA) okhala ndi makina apamwamba a BMS kuti azitha kuyang'anira njira zotulutsira izi ndikukulitsa moyo wautali.

Backup Power Systems:Magawo a Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) amateteza zida zofunikira panthawi yamagetsi. Mabatire amakhala ali ndi chambiri nthawi zambiri koma amayenera kupereka mphamvu zawo zonse pakatha nthawi yayitali. Makina amalonda a UPS nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) opangidwa kuti athe kutulutsa madzi akuya mwa apo ndi apo popanda kulephera nthawi yomweyo.

Deep Discharge

Nthawi zina, koma osati nthawi zonse. Pamabatire a lead{{1}acid, ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ipitilira 10.5V, nthawi zambiri imatha kubweranso pogwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono kwa maola 24-48. Mitengo yopambana imatsika kwambiri ngati batire idatulutsidwa kwa masiku angapo. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe ali pansi pa 2.5V pa cell nthawi zina amatha kubwezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyitanitsa kwapadera, koma chiopsezo chopanga dendrite chimapangitsa izi kukhala zowopsa. Ma charger amakono nthawi zambiri amakana mabatire omwe ali pansi pa ma voltages ena ngati njira yotetezera.

Zimatengera kwathunthu chemistry ya batri. Mabatire a Lithium-a ion safuna kutulutsa mwadala{2}}izi ndi nthano zongopeka kuchokera kuukadaulo wakale wa nickel{3}}cadmium. Mabatire a lead{{5}asidi amapindula pakapita nthawi (kamodzi pakadutsa miyezi 3-6) kuti asapangike komanso kuthira madzi, koma kuthira madzi nthawi zonse kumachepetsabe moyo. Njira yabwino ndikupewa kutulutsa kozama ngati kuli kotheka.

Mabatire akuya-amagwiritsa ntchito mbale zokhuthala zokhala ndi zinthu zokhuthala kuti zisapirire kutulutsa mobwerezabwereza mpaka 50% kapena kutsika. Mabatire oyambira amakhala ndi mbale zocheperako zomwe zimakonzedwa kuti zizitha kuphulika koma zimawonongeka mosavuta ngati zitatsitsidwa mwakuya. Kusiyana kwa zomangamanga kumatanthauza kuya-mabatire oyendetsa njinga nthawi zonse pamene mabatire amayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri popereka mazana a madzi ozizira-ampweya oziziritsa koma osakwana 50 akuya kwambiri.

Mwamtheradi. Kuzizira kumachepetsa mphamvu ya batire yomwe ilipo-batire lofika madigiri 0 F likhoza kubweretsa 50% yokha ya mphamvu zake zovoteledwa. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti batire imafika pamagetsi akuya kwambiri posachedwa nyengo yozizira ngakhale ikagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Kutentha kumawonjezera-kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabatire osungidwa azithamanga kwambiri. Zowopsa zonsezi zimawonjezera chiwopsezo chotaya kwambiri ndipo zimafuna kusinthidwa koyenera.

Kutulutsa kwakuya ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowononga kwambiri zomwe mabatire amakumana nazo. Kusintha kwa makemikolo komwe kumachitika-kusungunuka kwa lead-mabatire a asidi ndi kusungunuka kwa mkuwa mu lithiamu{3}}maselo a ayoni-kumakhala kosasinthika pomwe mabatire atalikirapo amakhala akutayidwa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuchira nthawi zina kumakhala kotheka, kupewa pogwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe koyenera ka batri kumakhalabe kothandiza kwambiri.

Makina amakono owongolera mabatire amapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri akagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, kuwunika mphamvu yamagetsi, pakali pano, komanso kutentha kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwakuya. Posankha mabatire a mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kuyendetsa njinga mozama pafupipafupi, kusankha malo opangira mankhwala opangira izi (monga LiFePO4) m'malo moyesa kukakamiza mabatire kuti alowe mozama-zidzapereka magwiridwe antchito komanso moyo wautali.

Kwa anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito batire{{0}zida zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi, mchitidwe wosavuta wochangitsa batire nthawi yomweyo ukatha kugwiritsa ntchito{1}}voltage isanatsike ndi 50% ya lead-acid kapena 20% ya lithiamu-ion-idzatalikitsa moyo wa batri ndikupewa zovuta zobwera chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwamphamvu.