Kodi Voltage Regulation ndi chiyani?

Ogwiritsa ntchito ma datacenter ku Amazon Web Services atawona kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka kwa seva panthawi yofunikira kwambiri, zowunikira zidaloza choyambitsa chimodzi: kusagwirizana kwamagetsi pamaneti awo ogawa magetsi. Kusamvana kumafunika kukhazikitsa njira zowongolera mphamvu zamagetsi zotsogola{1}}kuwonetsetsa momwe lingaliro lofunikirali limakhudzira kudalirika kwa zomangamanga zamakono. Kuwongolera kwamagetsi kumatsimikizira ngati makina anu amagetsi amagwira ntchito bwino kapena akukumana ndi zosokoneza zamtengo wapatali, kuyambira mafoni a m'manja kupita ku mafakitale.

Kuwongolera kwamagetsi kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa makina amagetsi kuti asunge mphamvu yamagetsi mosasinthasintha ngakhale pali kusiyana kwamagetsi olowetsa kapena katundu. Kuthekera kumeneku kukuyimira mfundo yoyambira pamapangidwe amagetsi ndi zamagetsi, pomwe ma voltage ang'onoang'ono amatha kugwera pakuwonongeka kwa zida kapena zoopsa zachitetezo.

Lingaliroli likuwonekera m'magawo awiri osiyana: ngati chinthu chomwe chimangofotokoza kusintha kwamagetsi pazigawo zotumizira, komanso kulowererapo mwachangu kudzera pazida zowongolera. M'makina amagetsi amagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi imachulukitsidwa ngati chiyerekezo chopanda dimensionless: (Vnl - Vfl)/Vfl, pomwe Vnl sichimayimira-voltage yamagetsi ndipo Vfl imayimira -voltage yodzaza. Maperesenti otsika akuwonetsa kuwongolera kwapamwamba-dongosolo labwino lingafikire 0%, kutanthauza kuti ziro sisintha pakati pa{7}}zolemetsa ndi{8}}zodzaza zonse.

Phindu lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka magetsi limapitilira kupitilira kwaukadaulo kupita ku zotsatira zogwirika. Machitidwe omwe ali ndi malamulo osakwanira amakumana ndi njira zitatu zolephera zomwe mabungwe sanganyalanyaze.

Choyamba, kuwonongeka kwa zida kumathamanga kwambiri pansi pazikhalidwe zosakhazikika zamagetsi. Zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwira ma voltages enaake zimakhala ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu komanso kufupikitsidwa kwa moyo zikamagwira ntchito kunja komwe kuli koyenera, pomwe ma induction motors amawonetsa kutayika kwakukulu kopanda kuwongolera bwino. Malo opangira ma motors omwe ali ndi 10% pansi pa voliti yamagetsi amatha kuwona kutayika kwachangu kupitilira 15%, zomwe zikutanthauza kuwononga mphamvu kwapachaka.

Chachiwiri, kusakhazikika kwamagetsi kumapangitsa kulephera kwadongosolo lachitetezo. Ma network ogawa akakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwa magetsi panthawi yonyamula katundu wambiri, zida zodzitchinjiriza zimatha kuyenda mosayenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuzimitsa komwe kumafalikira kudzera pamakina olumikizidwa. Kuzimitsidwa kwamagetsi kwa 2003 kumpoto chakum'mawa kunawonetsa kusatetezeka-kuwonongeka kwamagetsi komwe kunathandizira kutsata zochitika zomwe zidasiya anthu 50 miliyoni opanda mphamvu.

Chachitatu, zamagetsi zamakono zimafuna kulekerera kwamagetsi kolimba kwambiri. Ma Microprocessors, tchipisi tokumbukira, ndi makina owongolera digito amagwira ntchito mkati mwa mawindo amagetsi nthawi zina amakhala ochepera ± 50 millivolts. Pokhala ndi ma circuit ophatikizika omwe amafunikira ma voltages angapo komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, kutayika kwa katundu kwavuta kwambiri-kuyendetsa luso lazowongolera magetsi ophatikizika omwe ali mu chip package.

Zokhudza zachuma zimaphatikiza zovuta zaukadaulo izi. Katswiri wa datacenter wapakatikati yemwe akukumana ndi vuto la kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi atha kuwononga $50,000-$200,000 pamitengo yosinthira zida chaka chilichonse, komanso kutayika kwa ndalama chifukwa chanthawi yochepa. Pazithandizo, kusawongolera bwino kumabweretsa madandaulo amakasitomala, zilango zowongolera, komanso zofunikira pakukweza zida zomwe zingafikire mamiliyoni a madola.

Voltage Regulation

Kumvetsetsa malamulo kumayamba ndi tanthauzo lake la kuchuluka. Maperesenti amagetsi amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa magetsi osinthika pakati pa zomwe zidatsitsidwa ndi zodzaza kwathunthu:

Kuwongolera kwa Voltage (%)=[(VNL - VFL) / VFL] × 100

Kumene:

VNL=No-voltage (open circuit condition, zero current flow)

VFL=-yathunthu{1}}yamagetsi yamagetsi (maximum designed current draw)

Fomula iyi ikuwonetsa ubale wotsutsana ndi mtundu: zochepera zikuwonetsa kuwongolera bwino. Gwero lamphamvu lamagetsi limatha kukhalabe ndi mphamvu yofanana mosasamala kanthu za katundu, ndikukwaniritsa malamulo a 0%. Makiikidwe enieni-apadziko lonse amalunjika 1-5% pa mapulogalamu apamwamba-, ngakhale zovomerezeka zimasiyana malinga ndi makina amakampani amatha kukhala 5-10%, pomwe zida zolondola zimafunikira zosachepera 1%.

Taganizirani chitsanzo chothandiza: Chosinthira mphamvu chimatulutsa 120V popanda katundu wolumikizidwa. Mukajambula pakali pano, magetsi amatsika mpaka 114V. Kuwerengera kumapeza: (120-114)/114 × 100=5.26%. Izi zikuwonetsa kuwongolera kwapakatikati-kovomerezeka pamafakitale koma osakwanira pamagetsi omwe amafunikira kuwongolera kolimba.

Magawo a fomula amawonetsa machitidwe ofunikira amagetsi. Palibe-voltage yolemetsa yomwe imayimira kutulutsa kwa gwero popanda kutayika kapena kutayika kwachangu kuchokera kumayendedwe apano. -Maakaunti athunthu a voltage akatsika mphamvu yamagetsi pazipinga zonse panjira yotumizira{4}}conductor resistance, ma transformer windings, polumikizira. Kusiyanaku kumawerengera kuchuluka kwa dongosolo lenileni lomwe limapatuka ku khalidwe labwino.

Ma metric atatu owonjezera amamaliza chithunzi cha lamulo:

Kuwongolera Mzereimayesa kukhazikika kwamagetsi otulutsa motsutsana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamagetsi. Zimasonyezedwa ngati kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimatuluka pamlingo uliwonse wa zimene zalowetsa, ndizofunika kwambiri pazida za batri{{1}zoyendera magetsi kumene mphamvu ya magetsi imatsika ikatuluka. Owongolera mizere yamtundu amasunga zotuluka mkati mwa 0.1% ngakhale 10-20% kusiyanasiyana kolowera.

Katundu Regulationimayesa kusinthasintha kwamagetsi otulutsa kuchokera paziro mpaka pakali pano. Imatanthauzidwa ngati chiŵerengero cha kusiyana kwa voteji pakati pa zinthu zotsitsidwa ndi zodzaza kwathunthu pamagetsi odzaza. Kusintha magetsi kumakwaniritsa 1-3% kuwongolera katundu, pomwe owongolera mizere amatha kufika pansi pa 0.1%.

Kudalira Kutenthazimawonetsa kukhazikika kwamagetsi pamitundu yotentha yogwira ntchito. Zida zamagetsi zimatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo ma semiconductor voteji amasinthasintha ndi kutentha pamitengo yoyezedwa magawo miliyoni pa digiri Celsius (ppm/ digiri). Makina olondola amafunikira kutentha kwapansi pa 50 ppm/ digiri, kutheka kudzera muzolemba zolipidwa.

Kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi pamagetsi amawulula momwe magetsi amapangidwira-mapangidwe akulu. Mizere yotumizira mwachibadwa imakhala ndi kukana, inductance, ndi capacitance yomwe imasintha mosalekeza voteji muutali wake, kukhudza kukula ndi mbali. Magawo omwe amagawidwawa amapanga ma profiles ovuta omwe mainjiniya amayenera kutengera molondola kuti agwire ntchito yodalirika.

Ubale wa impedance umayang'anira machitidwe opatsirana. Panopa ikadutsa pa line resistance R, imatulutsa -phase voltage drop (IR). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, panopa kudzera mu inductive reactance X imapanga kutsika kwa magetsi komwe kumatsogolera panopa ndi madigiri 90 (IXL). Capacitive susceptance imayambitsa mafunde othamanga omwe amathetsa pang'ono zotsatira zochititsa chidwi. Kuchuluka kwa vekitala kwa zigawozi kumatsimikizira kutumiza kwenikweni-magetsi ofunikira kuti munthu alandire{7}}voltage yomaliza.

Power factor imakhudza kwambiri kuuma kwa malamulo. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi kumapangitsa kuti magetsi azichulukira ndipo{1}}magnitude omwe amafunikira kuti atumizidwe, pomwe ma capacitive load omwe ali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi amatha kuchititsa kuti mphamvu yotumizira ichepe kusiyana ndi imene imalandira. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake mabungwe amagwiritsira ntchito mabanki a capacitor kuti akonze magetsi{3}}amachepetsa kutayika kwa ma transmissions ndi malamulo oyendetsera magetsi nthawi imodzi.

Njira zitatu zowonetsera zimapereka kulondola kowonjezereka pamtengo wovuta:

Kufikira Mzere Waufupi(pansi pa 80 km) amanyalanyaza kuthekera, kutengera mzere ngati kukana kwa mndandanda ndi inductance. Chitsanzo chosavutachi chimapereka ± 5-10% kulondola kokwanira pokonzekera koyambirira koma amalephera kujambula zofunikira pamizere yayitali.

Kuyerekeza kwa Line Line(80-250 km) amagawa shunt capacitance mofanana potumiza ndi kulandira mapeto, ndikupanga dera lofanana ndi π. Kulondola kumapita ku ± 2-3%, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kusanthula kachitidwe kambiri kagawidwe.

Kufikira kwa Mzere Wautali(pamtunda wa 250 km) amagawa zolepheretsa ndi kuvomereza mofanana mu utali wa mzere, zomwe zimafuna mayankho a ma equation osiyanasiyana. Njira yolondolayi imakhala yofunika kwambiri pakutumiza{2}}kuthamanga kwamagetsi kumene ngakhale 1% yolakwika imayimira ma megawati amphamvu ndi kuchepeka kwakukulu kwamagetsi.

Chitsanzo chothandiza cha kutumizirana mameseji chikuwonetsera mfundo izi: Mzere wa 138 kV, 100 km umagwira ntchito yojambula 50 MW pa 0.85 mphamvu yamagetsi. Mzere magawo: kukana 0,15 Ω/km, inductive reactance 0,40 Ω/km. Pogwiritsa ntchito-zitsanzo zapakati, mainjiniya awerengetsera-voltage yotumiza iyenera kukhala 142.3 kV kuti apereke 138 kV polandira-lamulo la 3.1%. Popanda kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi, kuwongolera kumatha kupitilira 5%, zomwe zitha kuchititsa kuti zida ziziyenda bwino pakafunika kwambiri.

Zothandizira zenizeni zimakumana ndi zovuta zina: katundu wosiyanasiyana tsiku lonse, zotsatira za kutentha pa kukana kwa conductor, ndi kuphatikizika kwa mibadwo yogawidwa yomwe ingasinthe malingaliro amtundu wamagetsi. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa komanso magalimoto amagetsi kwapangitsa kuti magetsi azitsika kwambiri-ma netiweki ogawa magetsi kukhala ovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna njira zatsopano kuposa momwe zimakhalira kale.

Ngakhale kuti malamulo okhazikika amafotokoza machitidwe adongosolo, zida zowongolera zimayang'anira dala mphamvu zamagetsi kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tekinoloje iliyonse imapereka maubwino ake oyenererana ndi ntchito zina.

Ma Linear regulators amagwira ntchito ngati zopinga zoyendetsedwa ndimagetsi. Amagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha pass pass monga MOSFET kapena BJT cholamulidwa ndi-gain amplifier, kuyerekeza voltage yosonyeza mkati ndi sampuli ya voltage output kuti ayendetse kusiyana kwawo kufika ziro. Lop ya ndemangayi imasintha mosalekeza kukana kwa chinthu chodutsa kuti chibwezere zolemetsa kapena zosintha.

Mfundo yoyendetsera ntchitoyo imapangitsa kuti pakhale malire: ma linear regulators atha kutsitsa mphamvu yamagetsi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magetsi-kusiyana kotulutsa kumatha kutha ngati kutentha. Kwa cholowetsa cha 12V chotulutsa 5V kutulutsa kwa 2A, chowongolera chimatha (12-5)×2=14W monga kutentha kwinaku chikupereka 10W yokha pa katundu-42% kuchita bwino. Kulemera kwamafutawa kumafunikira kutentha komwe kumawonjezera mtengo, kukula, ndi zovuta zowongolera kutentha.

Ngakhale pali zolakwika, owongolera mizere amalamulira ntchito zomwe zimalemekeza mphamvu zawo:

Low phokoso linanena bungwe: Palibe ma frequency osinthira omwe amayambitsa kusokoneza komwe kumachitika kapena ma radiation, ndikofunikira pama ma analogi, zida zomvera, ndi makina a RF

Kuyankha kwakanthawi kochepa: Ndemanga za analogi zenizeni zimayankha mkati mwa ma microseconds kuti muyike zosintha, zabwino kwa ma microprocessors omwe akusintha mwachangu zomwe zikuchitika pano

Kupanga kuphweka: Kufuna ma capacitor olowera / zotulutsa kupitilira IC yowongolera, mapangidwe amzere amachepetsa malo a board ndi kuwerengera zigawo

Mtengo wotsika:-kuchuluka kwa ma voliyumu ndi ma circuits osavuta kumapangitsa ma linear regulator kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera mphamvu zamagetsi

LM7805, chowongolera chodziwika bwino cha 5V, chimapereka chitsanzo cha gululo. Imawononga ndalama zosakwana $0.50 mu voliyumu, imatumiza mpaka 1.5A yokhala ndi malamulo anthawi zonse a 50-60mV ndi 100mV load regulation. Pazida zoyendera batire{{9}zimene mphamvu yamagetsi yolowera imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimafunikira kutulutsa,{10}}ma linear otsika{10}}dropout (LDO) amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana ndi ma input-output omwe ali pansi pa 300mV, kuchepetsa kuwononga kwinaku akusunga ubwino waphokoso.

Owongolera osinthira amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana kwambiri: kusinthira mwachangu zinthu zosungira mphamvu (ma inductors ndi ma capacitor) kusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku zolowetsa kupita ku zotulutsa. Zowongolera zosinthira zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri-nthawi zambiri 85-95%-zofunika makamaka ngati pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwamagetsi amagetsi, koma zimafunikira zida zovuta kwambiri ndikupangitsa phokoso losintha.

Ma topology atatu ofunikira amakwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zotembenuka:

Buck (Potsika-Pansi)converters efficiently kuchepetsa voteji. Kusinthana kumasinthana pakati pa kulumikiza voteji ku voliyumu yolowera ndi kuyika pa ma frequency kuchokera ku 100 kHz kupita ku MHz angapo. Ikalumikizidwa ndi kulowa, yapano imamanga mu inductor, ndikusunga mphamvu mu mphamvu yake ya maginito. Ikasinthidwa kukhala pansi, gawo lomwe likugwa limatulutsa mphamvu pazotulutsa. Kuzungulira kwa ntchito (peresenti ya nthawi yolumikizidwa ndi zolowetsa) kumayang'anira mwachindunji mphamvu yamagetsi: VOUT=VIN × D.

Limbikitsani (Sipani-Mmwamba)ma converter amakweza magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma switch owonjezera. Pamene chosinthira chikugwirizanitsa inductor pansi, zamakono zimamanga. Kutsegula kosinthira kukakamiza inductor pano kudzera pa diode yotulutsa, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yolowera. Ma Boost converters amayatsa nyali zakumbuyo za LED, -zida zoyendera batire zomwe zimafunikira ma voltage okwera, ndi ma brakings osinthika.

Buck-Limbikitsaniosinthira amapereka ma voltages otulutsa pamwamba kapena pansi, ofunikira pamagwiritsidwe ntchito a batri pomwe magetsi amasiyanasiyana pakutulutsa. Batire ya lithiamu{{1}selo imodzi imayambira pa 4.2V yoti yachajidwa mpaka 3.0V yatha; a buck-boost converter imakhala ndi 3.3V yosasunthika pagululi.

Owongolera osinthira amafunikira malingaliro osamalitsa omwe owongolera mizere amapewa:

Kukhudzika kwamapangidwe: -Kusintha pafupipafupi kumapangitsa kuti ma electromagnetic azitha kulumikizana moyandikana. Ma capacitor olowetsa ndi otulutsa ayenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi chowongolera, ndege zapansi zimafunikira kugawa mosamalitsa, komanso nkhani zoyang'anira inductor.

Kusankha zigawo: Mtengo wa Inductor, mawerengedwe apano, ndi mawonekedwe a machulukitsidwe zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi kutulutsa kotulutsa. Kusankhidwa kwa capacitor kuyenera kuwerengera ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) pakusintha ma frequency.

Kukhazikika kwa loop: Manetiweki amalipiro amayankha amafuna kusanthula pafupipafupi kuyankha kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito mokhazikika pamikhalidwe yonse yolemetsa ndikusunga kuyankha kwakanthawi.

Zowongolera zamakono zamakono zimagwirizanitsa ntchito zowonjezera kuti zithetsedwe mosavuta. Mndandanda wa Texas Instruments 'Simple Switcher ndi Analog Devices' μModule owongolera amayika chowongolera ndikuwongolera kuzungulira phukusi limodzi, kumafunikira ma capacitor akunja / zotulutsa.

Zosintha za Ferroresonantzimayimira njira yapadera yoyendetsera zinthu. Ma transformer amenewa amagwira ntchito ndi maginito core awo omwe amadzaza dala nthawi yambiri ya ma AC, kupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yotuluka mosadukiza ngakhale kuti pali kusintha kosiyanasiyana, komanso kusefa zomveka komanso kuyenda pang'ono{1}}pakutha mphamvu. Kuphweka kwawo ndi kulimba kwawo kumayenderana ndi malo ovuta a mafakitale, koma osagwira ntchito bwino (60-80%) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuchepetsa kutentha. Zida zamagetsi zowotcherera za Arc ndi kuyatsa kotulutsa zimapindula ndi mawonekedwe a ferrorsonant.

Pa-Load Tap Changer (OLTCs)kupereka malamulo voteji kwa magawidwe thiransifoma. Ma tap omwe amakhomerera pamndandanda wa thiransifoma amalola zowongolera zamagetsi kuti zisinthire kuchuluka kwa matembenuzidwe pomwe zili ndi mphamvu, kulimbikitsa kapena kukweza ma voliyumu olowetsamo kuti musunge zotulutsa mkati mwazomwe zafotokozedwa. Mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma OLTC m'malo ocheperako kuti alipire kutsika kwamagetsi pamagetsi ogawa, omwe amagwira ntchito m'masitepe 32 a kusintha kwa 0.625% kuti asunge ± 5% ma voltage.

Voltage Regulation

Kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera magetsi kumafuna kuunika mwadongosolo zinthu zingapo zomwe zimadalirana. Zosankha zolakwika zimabweretsa kulephera kwa malamulo komwe sikungawonekere mpaka kutumizidwa kumunda, kupanga kukonzanso kokwera mtengo kapena kubwezeretsanso m'munda.

Thermal Management Imalamulira Kupambana kwa Linear Regulator

Kuthetsa kutentha kwa Linear regulators kumatsatira njira yosavuta koma yosakhululuka: PDISS=(VIN - VOUT) × ILOAD. Wowongolera akutsika 24V kutsika mpaka 5V pomwe akupereka 2A amataya 38W-kuposa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutentha kotenthaku kumafuna kutentha komwe mainjiniya nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza.

Mphambano-ku-cake thermal resistance (θJC) ndi case-ku-ambient thermal resistance (θCA) kudziwa kutentha kwa ntchito: TJ=TA + (θJC + θCA) × PDISS. Ngati kutentha kwa mphambano kupitirira mlingo (nthawi zambiri 125-madigirii 150 ), chowongolera chimalowa m'katimo, zomwe zimasokoneza kugwira ntchito kwa makina. Kwa chitsanzo cha 38W chokhala ndi θJC=2 digiri /W ndi θCA=15 digri /W (pongoyerekeza kutentha kwapakati), kutentha kwapakati kumakwera kufika madigiri 25 + 17 × 38=671 -osatheka mwakuthupi. Izi zimafuna mwina kukakamizidwa kwa mpweya kutsitsa θCA mpaka 4 digiri /W, kapena kusinthana ndi topology yogwira bwino ntchito.

Input-Output Voltage Differential Guides Topology Selection

Kutembenuka kwamagetsi kumatsimikizira kuthekera kwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Linear regulators zimakhala zomveka pamene (VIN - VOUT) ikhalabe yaying'ono-kawirikawiri pansi pa 5V-ndipo kutulutsa kwake kuli kochepa. Kupitilira pazigawo izi, kusintha magwiridwe antchito kumawonjezera zovuta zawo.

Ganizirani zochitika zitatu zopangira 5V pa 2A:

9v gawo: Linear dissipates 8W (64% imayenera), kusintha 1.5W (93% imayenera). Linear imakhalabe yotheka ngati phokoso ndi malo amalola kutentha kutentha.

Mphamvu ya 24V: Linear dissipates 38W (26% imayenera), kusintha 2.5W (91% moyenera). Kusintha momveka bwino-ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi yosavuta popanda kuziziritsa mokakamiza.

3.7V Li{1}}batire ya ion: Linear sangathe kulimbikitsa voteji; buck-boost switching ikufunika. Izi zikuyimira kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kuthekera, osati kungochita bwino.

Kwezani Magwiridwe Osakhalitsa Apano a Dynamics

Makina amakono a digito amapereka mbiri yolemetsa. Kusintha kwa ma Microprocessors pakati pa malo ogona akujambula mamililita ndi{1}kugwira ntchito yamphamvu zonse zomwe zimafuna ma ampere angapo mkati mwa ma microseconds. Mapurosesa amphamvu{{3}amphamvu amadzizungulira okhala ndi tchipisi cha DrMOS{4}}zophatikiza zoyendetsa ndi mphamvu za FET{{5}zomangika mofananirana kuti zipereke ndalama zokwanira panopo komanso kuti zisamagwire bwino ntchito m'munsimu.

Regulator transient response-mmene mphamvu yotulutsa magetsi imabwerera msanga pakasinthidwe kodzidzimutsa{1}}zimatengera zinthu zingapo:

Linanena bungwe luso: Ma capacitor okulirapo amapereka chosungira chowonjezera pakanthawi kochepa, kuchepetsa kuviika kwamagetsi, koma kuyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa loop. Miyezo yodziwika bwino imayambira pa 10μF potsika-ma LDO apano mpaka 1000μF pazambiri-zowongolera ma amp switching.

Ndemanga za loop bandwidth: Malupu othamanga amakonza zolakwika mwachangu koma osakhazikika pachiwopsezo ngati alipidwa molakwika. Kusintha malupu owongolera owongolera nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito pa 1/10th mpaka 1/5th pafupipafupi.

ESR yotulutsa capacitor: Chigawo chotsutsa cha capacitor impedance chimatsimikizira mayendedwe aposachedwa panthawi yolemetsa. Otsika-Zoumba za ESR (zosachepera 10mΩ) kapena ma polima capacitor amachepetsa izi.

Mafotokozedwe amawerengera kuyankha kwakanthawi ngati kusintha kwamagetsi ndi nthawi yochira pa sitepe yodziwika. Zowongolera zosintha zamakhalidwe zimasunga zotuluka mkati mwa 2-3% panthawi yonyamula 50%, kubwereranso kumalamulo mkati mwa 50-100 ma microseconds.

Malo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Zachilengedwe Akuletsa Kusankha Kwagawo

Magetsi owongolera magetsi amayenera kugwira ntchito modalirika pa kutentha kwambiri, kusiyanasiyana kwamagetsi olowera, komanso kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumayendera.

Zida zamafakitale zitha kugwira ntchito kuyambira -madigirii 40 kufika pa +85 digiri . Zogulitsa zogula nthawi zambiri zimawona madigiri 0 mpaka +70 digiri . Malo amagalimoto amafunikira -40 digiri ku +125 kukwanitsa madigirii ndi zofunika zina kuti zigwirizane ndi ma elekitiromu komanso kusagwedezeka kwa makina. Mavoti awa sali malire otetezedwa mwachisawawa-zigawo zimalephereka pamene zomwe zanenedwa zapyola.

Kutentha kumakhudza magawo onse owongolera. Mphamvu yamagetsi imasuntha ndi kutentha pamitengo yofotokozedwa mu ppm/degree. Mareferensi okhala ndi 50 ppm/℃coefficient amasintha 0.005% pa digirii{4}zowoneka ngati zazing'ono, koma zimabweretsa zolakwika 0.4% pamlingo wa 80 degrees. Kwa makina a 5V, izi zikuyimira kusinthika kwa 20mV, zomwe zitha kuphwanya zofunikira zololera. Mapulogalamu olondola amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha{11}}zolipirira zolipirira zochepera 10 ppm/ digiri .

Kuthekera kowongolera kusinthasintha kwamagetsi olowera. Mabatire{{1}makina oyendera mabatire amawona kuwonongeka kwa voteji nthawi yonse imene akutulutsa-mapaketi anayi-maselo a NiMH akuyambira pa 5.6V atsopano mpaka 4.0V atatheratu. Makina amagalimoto amapirira kuzizira-kugwetsa (7V) ndi katundu-kutayira (40V+) modutsa. AC{{13}zida zoyendera magetsi ziyenera kuthana ndi brownout ndi kuchuluka kwamagetsi. Kusankhidwa kwa owongolera kuyenera kuphatikizira kuchuluka kwa zolowetsa zonse ndi malire.

Zochitika zenizeni-padziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa momwe kuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi kumakhudzira mtengo wa ntchito, kudalirika kwazinthu, komanso kupikisana kwamakampani m'mafakitale onse.

Ma Hyperscale data centers amagwiritsa ntchito 1-2% ya magetsi padziko lonse-pafupifupi ma terawatt 200 pachaka. Ngakhale kuwongolera kwapang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yopulumutsa komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.

Kukula kwa gawo la data center drive cloud computing ndi ntchito za digito kwachulukitsa kutumizidwa kwa ma voltage regulator chifukwa chakufunika kokhazikika kwamagetsi pamagawo onse. Malo okwana 10 MW amawononga $7-8 miliyoni pachaka pamagetsi pamitengo yamakampani. Kuwongola bwino kwa 2%-kotheka kudzera mu malamulo apamwamba a magetsi ochepetsera kutayika-kupulumutsa $140,000-160,000 pachaka chilichonse.

Malo opangira data a Google amagwiritsa ntchito ma module owongolera ma voltage (VRMs) omwe ali pafupi ndi ma processor a seva, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu pakutumiza mphamvu. Njira ya "kutseka-ku-kutsitsa"yi imachepetsa mphamvu yogawa kuchokera ku 12V kupita ku processor core voltage (0.7-1.2V) ndi 92-94% yogwira ntchito bwino motsutsana ndi 88-90% pamapangidwe anthawi zonse. Pazinthu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi za Google, izi zimapulumutsa mamiliyoni ambiri pachaka.

Vuto la uinjiniya limakula ndi kachulukidwe kamphamvu ka purosesa. Maseva amakono a CPUs amagwiritsa ntchito 200-350W yokhazikika m'dera la 50mm × 50mm{8}}kachulukidwe wamagetsi oyandikira 100 W/cm². Kupereka mphamvuzi pamene mukusunga mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa ±50mV kumafuna kuti muzitsatira{10}}gawo lapamwamba kwambiri{10}} ndi kugawana bwino ndi ena komanso kuyankha kwakanthawi kochepa. Ndalama zonse za -zoyendera ma voltage regulation pa seva zimaposa $150, zomwe zikuimira ndalama zazikulu-zowonongera zinthu zomwe zimatheka chifukwa chodalirika komanso mapindu ake.

Makina opanga makina amaphatikiza masauzande ambiri a masensa, ma actuators, ndi makina owongolera omwe ntchito yawo yolumikizidwa imadalira mphamvu yokhazikika. Kusokonekera kwamagetsi kumayambitsa-nthawi yolakwika, kuwonongeka kwabwino, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zida.

Malo opangira semiconductor akuyimira vuto lalikulu. Zipangizo za Photolithography zimafunika nanometer{1}}kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa nthawi yonse-kuwonetseredwa kwanthawi yayitali. Kusiyanasiyana kwamagetsi kumapangitsa kuti ngakhale ma microsecond timing time jitter mu stepper motor controller amatha kusiyanitsa molakwika masitanidwe ake, kuchotsa ma wafer okwera $5,000-10,000 iliyonse. Fab-wide voltage regulation systems yogwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi magawo angapo owonjezera zinthu ndizokhazikika, zomwe zimawononga mamiliyoni kuti zikhazikike koma zimateteza kuwonongeka kobwera chifukwa cha vuto mochulukirachulukira.

Kupanga kosavuta kumakumana ndi zovuta zofananira pamlingo wocheperako. Wopereka zida zamagalimoto omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo opangira makina a CNC adapeza zolakwika zapakatikati zomwe zimatsatiridwa ndi ma voltage sags panthawi yosinthira. Ma dips a 3-5% adangokhala ma 100-200 milliseconds koma amasokoneza machitidwe owongolera ma servo, ndikupangitsa zolakwika zoyika mopitilira kulolerana. Kuyika zowongolera ma voltage ndi 10-15% kuwongolera osiyanasiyana ndi<20ms response time eliminated defects, justifying the $30,000 equipment cost through prevention of $200,000+ annual scrap costs.

Kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi pamagetsi otsika-ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakukula kwa magwero amagetsi ongowonjezwdwanso komanso magalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zikufunika njira zatsopano zoyendetsera bwino ma profailo amagetsi. Kupanga magetsi oyendera dzuwa ndi mphepo kumayambitsa kusuntha kwamagetsi kuwirikiza kawiri komanso kutulutsa mwachangu komwe zida zachikhalidwe za grid sizinapangidwe kuti zigwirizane.

Chowonjezera cham'tawuni popanda kuwongolera ma voliyumu chimatha kuwona kukwera kwamagetsi kwa 8-10% pamalo okhala ndi mphamvu zokulirapo za sola masana, kuphwanya malire amagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kukakamiza ma inverter a solar kuti achepetse kutulutsa. Kuyika ma line voltage regulators (LVRs) pamalo okhazikika pambali pa feeder kumasunga magetsi mkati mwa ± 5% malire, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso kwambiri.

Economics imakonda kuwongolera ndalama. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana $500,000 kukhazikitsa ma LVR pa feeder kumathandizira 2-3 MW yowonjezera mphamvu ya solar yomwe ikadafunika $2-3 miliyoni pakukweza kagawo kapena kukonzanso ma feeder. Njira yowongolera imapereka 4-6 × kubwerera pazachuma pomwe ikuthandizira zolinga zongotengera mphamvu zowonjezera.

Makina osungira mphamvu za batri nawonso amafunikira kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi. Gridi-sikero 10 MWh lithium-yoyikira ion imakhala ndi kusintha kwa ma voltage kupitilira 20% nthawi yonse-yotulutsa. Makina osinthira magetsi amayenera kuyang'anira magetsi a DC kupita ku inverter kwinaku akugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri-mapangidwe ake amakwanitsa 96-97 % kugwiritsa ntchito ma switching topology atatu okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.

Mawonekedwe amagetsi amitundu yosiyanasiyana yama batri amakhudza mwachindunji zofunikira zamalamulo, zomwe zimafotokozera chifukwa chake zokambirana zikuzunguliralithiamu vs mabatire amcherenthawi zambiri zimayang'ana pazambiri zotulutsa. Ma cell a lithiamu amakhala ndi mphamvu yathyathyathya (3.0-3.7V yosachepera pang'ono) nthawi yonse yomwe amatuluka, pomwe ma cell amchere amawonetsa kutsika kwamagetsi mosalekeza kuchoka pa 1.6V mpaka 0.9V. Kusiyana kwakukuluku kumapangitsa mabatire a lifiyamu kukhala apamwamba kwambiri pazida zomwe zili ndi malamulo oletsa mphamvu yamagetsi-makamera a digito, zida zamankhwala, ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimasiya kugwira ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ikatsikira pansi pa malo enaake. Mabatire a alkaline amagwira ntchito mokwanira m'malo omwe amatha kusinthasintha kwamagetsi ambiri kapena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo olimba a buck-boost kuti athe kubwezera kuchepa kwa voteji.

Voltage Regulation

Kulephera kwa kayendetsedwe ka magetsi kumawonekera m'njira zobisika zomwe zimasokoneza kuthetsa mavuto. Kuzindikira mwadongosolo kumachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zimawonekera.

Chizindikiro: Zida Kukonzanso kapena Makhalidwe Osalongosoka

Makina a digito akawonetsa kukhazikitsidwa kosadziwika bwino, deta yowonongeka, kapena ntchito yosagwirizana, malamulo osakwanira a magetsi panthawi ya katundu nthawi zambiri amayambitsa vutoli. Ma Microcontrollers amafuna kuti magetsi azikhala opitilira 90-95% ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwira ntchito-kutsika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kuzindikira kuti brownout ndikusinthanso makina.

Kutsimikizira kumafuna muyeso wa oscilloscope wa magetsi operekera panthawi yantchito, makamaka kujambula zochitika zosakhalitsa. Khazikitsani choyambitsa kuti mugwire kutsika kwamagetsi pansi pa 95% mwadzina, ndikuzama kukumbukira kokwanira kuti mulembe ma milliseconds angapo zisanachitike komanso zitachitika. Ngati zodutsazo zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa katundu (magalimoto oyambira, ma transmitters, etc.), kusakwanira kwa malamulo kumatsimikiziridwa.

Kuthetsa kumadalira ngati vutolo likuchokera ku malire a owongolera kapena kusakwanira kotulutsa mphamvu. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu kumapereka mphamvu yocheperako-kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu ya dip magnitude. Ngati mphamvu zikuchulukirachulukira zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kubweza, mayendedwe a loop a regulator sangathe kuyankha mwachangu, zomwe zimafunikira kusankha mwachangu kapena malo amderalo{3}}