Kodi Overcharging ndi chiyani?

Kuchulukirachulukira kumachitika batire ikalandira mphamvu yamagetsi yopitilira mphamvu yake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi apitirire motetezeka. Pamabatire a lithiamu-ayoni-maselo ochangidwanso omwe amayendetsa magetsi ambiri amakono posuntha ma lithiamu ma ion pakati pa maelekitirodi{{3}kuchajitsa kwambiri kumachitika pamene mphamvu yamagetsi idutsa 4.2V pa selo, kuchititsa kutentha, kuwonongeka kwa makemikolo, ndi kutha kwa kutentha.

Kumvetsetsa chomwe batire ya lithiamu ion imafuna kuyang'ana kapangidwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake. Batri ya lifiyamu-ndi chipangizo chothachangidwanso chosungira mphamvu chomwe chimapanga magetsi posuntha ma ion a lithiamu pakati pa maelekitirodi awiri-cathode (positive) ndi anode (negative)-kudzera mu electrolyte yamadzimadzi. Mabatirewa amayang'anira zamagetsi zamakono chifukwa amanyamula mphamvu zazikulu m'mapaketi ang'onoang'ono, opepuka pomwe amathandizira mazana akuwonjezeranso.

Zigawo zoyambira zimagwirira ntchito limodzi pakuvina kolondola. Cathode nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi lithiamu zitsulo oxides monga lithiamu cobalt oxide kapena lithiamu iron phosphate. Anode imakhala ndi zigawo za carbon graphite zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi ayoni a lithiamu pakati pa mapepala awo a atomiki. Nembanemba yolekanitsa imalepheretsa kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa maelekitirodi pomwe imalola njira ya ion. Ma electrolyte-kawirikawiri mchere wa lithiamu wosungunuka mu zosungunulira za organic-umatulutsa ayoni koma osati ma elekitironi.

Pakutulutsa, ma ion a lithiamu amayenda kuchokera ku anode kudzera mu electrolyte kupita ku cathode, pomwe ma elekitironi amayenda kudzera mudera lakunja akuyendetsa chipangizo chanu. Kulipiritsa kumabweza izi: mphamvu yakunja imayendetsa ma ion kubwerera ku anode kuti isungidwe. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandizira kuti ndalama zambiri{2}}zichotsedwe zisanathe.

Dongosolo lokongolali likufotokoza chifukwa chomwe ukadaulo wa lithiamu{0}}umathandizira chilichonse kuyambira mafoni a m'manja mpaka magalimoto amagetsi. Kulemera kwa atomiki kwa lithiamu kumapereka mphamvu zambiri-nthawi zambiri 150-250 Wh/kg poyerekeza ndi 30-50 Wh/kg pamabatire a lead-acid. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya 3.6-3.7V pa selo iliyonse imatanthawuza maselo ocheperapo ofunikira pamagetsi operekedwa, kuchepetsa kulemera ndi zovuta.

Komabe, chemistry yomweyi yomwe imapangitsa kuti mabatire a lithiamu{0}}akhale amphamvu amawapangitsanso kuti azikhala pachiwopsezo chambiri.

Mabatire a lithiamu-amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makemikolo osinthika omwe amasuntha ma ion ma lithiamu pakati pa maelekitirodi. Battery ikakhala nthawi zonse, ma ion a lithiamu amayenda kuchokera ku cathode kupita ku anode ndikudzilowetsa mu graphite. Njirayi imasunga mphamvu moyenera mkati mwa malire omwe apangidwa.

Pakuchulukirachulukira, njira zingapo zowononga zimayamba. Kukwera kwamagetsi kupitirira 4.2V kumapangitsa kuti lithiamu plating-imapangidwe zitsulo za lithiamu pa anode m'malo molumikizana bwino ndi graphite. Madipozitiwa amapanga singano-monga zomangira zotchedwa dendrites zomwe zimatha kuboola nembanemba yolekanitsa pakati pa maelekitirodi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku ma circuits amkati.

Kafukufuku wochokera ku 2024 akuwonetsa kuti kuchulukitsitsa kumachulukira kutentha kutsika. Pa -10 digiri, kukana kwamkati kumawonjezeka kwambiri, kupangitsa kuti malire amagetsi azikhala osavuta kuswa ngakhale ndi mafunde wamba. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa mabatire omwe amayikidwa pa 0.2C ndi 1C mitengo pa kutentha kochepa, kupeza kuti kuchucha pang'ono kumatulutsa akabudula amkati ndi dzimbiri la otolera mkati mwa milungu ingapo kuposa miyezi.

Cathode imakumana ndi njira yake yochepetsera. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa lithiamu kuchokera ku zinthu za cathode monga lithiamu cobalt oxide kumapangitsa kugwa kwapangidwe, kutulutsa mpweya womwe umathandizira kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte. Kuphulika kumeneku kumatulutsa kutentha ndi mpweya, kukweza mphamvu yamkati. Mphamvu ya batire ikadutsa pafupifupi 500 psi, chotengera cha batire chimatuluka-nthawi zina kwambiri.

Kutentha kumakwera kwambiri pakalephera kulipira mochulukira. Mayeso a labotale akuwonetsa kutentha kumakwera kuchokera pamayendedwe abwinobwino (madigiri 25-35) kupita kupitilira madigiri 780 panthawi yotentha. Kutentha kwamagetsi kumachokera kuzinthu zingapo: Kutentha kwa Joule kuchokera kumtunda wamakono, machitidwe amtundu wa electrolyte, ndi kuyaka kwa mpweya wotulutsidwa.

Overcharging

Akatswiri opanga mabatire amazindikira magawo omwe amalephera kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mtengo.

Gawo 1 (100-120% SOC): Kuchulukitsitsa kwachizolowezi kumayamba. Mphamvu yamagetsi imakwera pang'onopang'ono pomwe magetsi akuwongolera. Kukaniza kwamkati kumawonjezeka pamene wosanjikiza wa SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) akukhuthala pa anode. Kutentha kumakhala kocheperako, nthawi zambiri madigiri 5-10 pamwamba pa malo ozungulira.

Gawo 2 (120-140% SOC): Kuyika kwa lithiamu kumawonekera. Lifiyamu yachitsulo imadziunjikira pamwamba pa anode, kuwononga electrolyte kudzera muzochita zomwe zimapanga kutentha ndi mpweya. Batire likhoza kutupa pang'ono ngati mphamvu ya mkati ikuwonjezeka. Miyezo ya mphamvu panthawiyi ikuwonetsa kutayika kosatha kwa 10-15%.

Gawo 3 (140-160% SOC): Kukula kwa dendrite kumathandizira. Singano-monga zomangira za lithiamu zimatsekereza kusiyana pakati pa maelekitirodi. zazifupi -zimayamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha komweko. Kupanga gasi kumawonjezeka kwambiri kuchokera ku electrolyte oxidation ndi kuwonongeka kwa cathode. Mphamvu ya batri imakhala yosasinthika.

Stage 4 (>160% SOC): Kuthamanga kwa kutentha kumayambira. Kutentha kwa mkati kumapitirira madigiri 130, kumayambitsa kusungunuka kwa olekanitsa. Kuzungulira kwamkati kwathunthu kumachitika, kutulutsa mphamvu zosungidwa mwachangu. M'masekondi pang'ono, kutentha kumatha kulumpha mpaka madigiri mazana angapo. Chophimbacho chimang'ambika, kutulutsa mpweya wotentha komanso kutha kuyatsa.

Kupitilira uku kumasiyanasiyana ndi chemistry. Mabatire a Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) amalekerera kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa mitundu ya lithiamu cobalt oxide chifukwa cha ma cathode okhazikika. Komabe, ma khemistri onse a lithiamu-ion amawonongeka akamangiridwa mokwanira.

Batire ya lithiamu-ion yopanda chitetezo imabweretsa zoopsa. Ma Battery Management Systems (BMS) amagwira ntchito ngati njira yodzitchinjiriza pakuchulukirachulukira kudzera pakuwunika mosalekeza komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu.

BMS imatsata magawo atatu ofunika kwambiri munthawi yeniyeni-: mphamvu yamagetsi (yoyezedwa mu mamilivolti), mayendedwe apano (mu ma amperes), ndi kutentha (nthawi zambiri amakhala pamalo angapo pa paketi ya batri). Kachitidwe kamakono kamatengera mfundo zimenezi kambirimbiri pa sekondi iliyonse, kuyerekeza kuŵerengera koyerekeza ndi njira zodzitetezera.

Selo iliyonse ikayandikira 4.2V-kuchuluka kwake kwa lifiyamu-maselo a ayoni-BMS imachepetsa kulitcha komwe kulipo. Kutsika uku kumawonjezera nthawi yolipiritsa koma kumalepheretsa kuphulika kwamagetsi. Ngati magetsi apitilira kukwera ngakhale akucheperachepera, makinawo amadula kulipiritsa potsegula ma switch a MOSFET munjira yozungulira.

Kuwongolera ma cell kumawonjezera gawo lina lachitetezo. Maselo omwe ali mkati mwa batire la batire nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi malo ofanana pakulipiritsa chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kocheperako komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake. BMS imayang'anira selo lililonse palokha ndikugawanso chaji kuti ateteze cell iliyonse kuti isachuluke pomwe ena amatsalira kumbuyo. Kusanja bwino kumataya mphamvu zochulukirapo monga kutentha kudzera pa resistors; yogwira kusamutsa anasamutsa mphamvu pakati pa maselo bwino bwino.

Kuwunika kwa kutentha kumayambitsa ndondomeko zoyendetsera kutentha. Mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-amakhala ndi masensa angapo a kutentha omwe amakhala pafupi ndi ma cell omwe amatha kutentha. Kutentha kukapitilira madigiri 45 pakulipiritsa, BMS imatha kuchepetsa kapena kuyambitsa makina oziziritsa. Pamwamba pa madigiri 60, kulipiritsa kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu kuteteza kutha kwa kutentha.

Ma charger anzeru amalumikizana ndi machitidwe a BMS kudzera pama protocol olumikizirana. Chaja chimalandira{1}}data yeniyeni ya mmene batire ilili pa nthawi yake ndikusintha mphamvu yake yotulutsa mphamvu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito moyenera. Kuyankhulana kwanjira ziwiri-ku kumalepheretsa kuti zochunira za ma charger zisemphane ndi mphamvu ya batire.

Zomwe zachitika mu 2024-zoyika za 2025 zikuwonetsa kuti mayunitsi a BMS ochunidwa bwino amalephera kulephera kutsika ndi 0.3%-ndimo zosachepera 3 kulephera pa mabatire 1,000 aliwonse. Izi zikuyimira kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku mabatire oyambirira a lifiyamu-ion, omwe adalephera kulephera kuzungulira 1 mu 10 miliyoni akagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera koma mitengo yokwera kwambiri chitetezo chikalephera.

Zizindikiro zakuthupi zimawonekera mabatire akamachulukirachulukira, ngakhale kuwonongeka kwina kumakhala kosawoneka mpaka kuyezetsa magwiridwe antchito.

Kutupa kumakhala ngati chizindikiro chodziwikiratu. Mabatire ochulukirachulukira amapangika zotupa pomwe mpweya wamkati umasokoneza chosungira. Lithium-maselo a thumba a ion amawonetsa izi momveka bwino, kukula ngati ma pilo. Ma cell a cylindrical amatha kuwonetsa kutupa kosawoneka bwino, koma kuyeza mosamalitsa kumawonetsa kukula kwake.

Kutentha kwambiri panthawi yolipiritsa kapena pambuyo pake kumawonetsa zovuta. Batire yomwe ikugwira ntchito bwino imapangitsa kutentha pang'ono-kawirikawiri 5-9 digiri F pamwamba pa malo ozungulira pochajisa bwino. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kuposa uku, makamaka ngati batire ikumva kutentha kukhudza mphindi zingapo mutadula chojambulira, zikuwonetsa kuchulukira kapena kuwonongeka kwamkati.

Kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu kumawonekera pang'onopang'ono. Mabatire achulukitsidwa mobwerezabwereza amasunga ndalama zochepa pakapita nthawi. Chida chomwe m'mbuyomu chidatenga maola 8 pakati pa zolipiritsa chikhoza kutsika mpaka mawola 5-6 mutachilitsa mopitilira muyeso. Mapulogalamu owunika mabatire amatha kutsata kutsika uku poyerekeza kuchuluka kwapano ndi kapangidwe kake.

Kuyeza kwa magetsi kumapereka chidziwitso cha matenda. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma multimeter, yang'anani mphamvu ya batri pambuyo popuma chipangizo kwa maola angapo (osati mutangotha kulipira kapena kutulutsa, chifukwa kuwerengera sikudzakhala kolondola). Kuwerengera ma voltage okwera nthawi zonse-pamwamba pa 4.2V pa selo iliyonse ya lifiyamu yokhazikika-ion-kutsimikizira kuti zachulutsa.

Kutayikira kumawonekera pazovuta kwambiri. Zotsalira zaufa zoyera mozungulira ma terminals kapena kutuluka kwamadzi kuchokera muchosungira batire kukuwonetsa kuthawa kwa electrolyte. Izi ndi zowopsa; ma electrolyte a lithiamu batire ali ndi mankhwala oopsa komanso oyaka moto. Mabatire otuluka sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Fungo limachenjeza za kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala. Fungo la sulfure-ngati kapena lotsekemera la batire lochokera mu batire, makamaka ikamatchaja kapena ikatha, limasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa ma electrolyte chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Kununkhira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatsogolera kulephera kwakukulu.

Kusagwirizana kwa magwiridwe antchito kumawonetsa kusalinganika kwa ma cell. Ngati chipangizo chizimitsa mosayembekezereka ngakhale chikuwonetsa kuti 30-40% yatsala, ma cell ena mu paketi ya batri akhoza kuonongeka chifukwa chochulukitsidwa pomwe ena amasunga mphamvu.

Overcharging

Njira zodzitetezera zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuyambira pamagetsi ang'onoang'ono ogula mpaka -akuluakulu osungira mphamvu.

Ma Smartphones ndi Malaputopu: Zipangizo zamakono zimakhala ndi kasamalidwe kamphamvu kamene kamapangitsa kuti pakhale chitetezo chokwanira. Dongosolo lolipiritsa limayimitsa kuyenda kwapano pa 100% mphamvu. Komabe, kusunga zipangizo zomangika kumapangitsa kuti azingothamanga pang'onopang'ono-magetsi ang'onoang'ono omwe amadzazitsa zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti{4}}zingoyenda pang'ono. Ngakhale kuti sikungowonjezera mwaukadaulo, izi zimatulutsa kutentha ndikuyika batire. Kuchita bwino kumaphatikizapo kutulutsa mapulagi mukakhala ndi charger yonse kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira zomwe zimapezeka pazida zatsopano zomwe zimaphunzira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndikuchedwetsa kutchaji mpaka pakufunika.

Magalimoto Amagetsi: Ma EV amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe apamwamba a BMS kuyang'anira mazana a maselo. Makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito magawo angapo achitetezo: -kuwunika kuchuluka kwa ma cell, kuwongolera kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito kuzizira kwamadzimadzi, ndi mapulogalamu{2}}kukhazikitsa malire a mtengo. Ma EV ambiri amalola eni ake kuyika ndalama zochulukirachulukira-80% kapena 90% m'malo mwa 100% -pogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, kusunga ndalama zolipirira maulendo ataliatali. Izi zimachepetsa nkhawa kuchokera kumayiko okwera kwambiri. Kulipiritsa pamitengo yotsika (Level 1 kapena Level 2) m'malo mothamangitsa DC kumachepetsanso chiwopsezo cha kuchulukitsitsa polola kuwongolera bwino kwa kutentha.

Zida Zamagetsi ndi Zida Zokonda: Mabatire a lithiamu polima omwe amapezeka m'magalimoto a RC, ma drones, ndi zida zopanda zingwe amafunikira kuyang'anitsitsa. Gwiritsani ntchito ma charger omwe amapangidwira makamaka kuchuluka kwa batire ndi kuchuluka kwa ma cell. Kutchinjiriza kumapangitsa kuti ma cell onse afike pamagetsi omwewo. Osasiya mabatire awa pa ma charger osayang'aniridwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusungirako pa 3.7-3.8V pa selo (pafupifupi 40-50% chaji) m'malo modzaza mokwanira kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwanthawi yayitali.

Renewable Energy Storage: Makina oyendetsa mabatire apanyumba tsiku lililonse kuchokera pa mapanelo adzuwa amafunikira chitetezo champhamvu cha BMS ndikusintha kowongolera koyenera. Chowongolera chowongolera chikuyenera kufanana ndi zomwe batire limafunikira. Kwa mabatire a LiFePO4, izi nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza 14.4-14.6V pamakina a 12V. Mapulogalamu akuyandama voteji molondola-kawirikawiri 13.4-13.6V kwa LiFePO4-amalepheretsa kupitiriza kulipiritsa pambuyo batire kufika mphamvu.

Mapulogalamu a Marine ndi RV: Mabatire a lead-acid ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa m'mbiri koma kugwiritsa ntchito lithiamu{1}}kuchulukirachulukira. Mukayikanso mabatire a lithiamu m'makina opangidwa kuti akhale ndi asidi-, makina ochapira akuyenera kukonzedwanso. Lead- ma voltage charging acid (14.8V kapena apamwamba) adzachulutsa ma chemistries ambiri a lithiamu. Kuyika lithiamu{8}}chaja yogwirizana kapena chosinthira kumateteza kuwonongeka.

Zida za Industrial ndi Warehouse: Ma Forklift ndi zida zina zamafakitale akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mabatire a lithiamu-ayoni kuti azitha kulitcha mwachangu komanso kuti aziyenda nthawi yayitali. Makhazikitsidwewa amapindula ndi kulipiritsa-nthawi yanthawi yopuma osati kulipiritsa usiku wonse. BMS iyenera kuthandizira kagwiritsidwe ntchito kameneka popanda kuwononga zowonongeka kuchokera kuzinthu zosakwanira kapena kuletsa kulipiritsa panthawi yotalikirapo.

Kutentha-kudalira kolipiritsa kumawonjezera kutsogola ku njira zopewera. Lithium-mabatire a ayoni sayenera kutsika pansi pa digirii 0 (32 digiri F) chifukwa izi zimathandizira kuti lithiamu plating ngakhale pamagetsi abwinobwino. Makina amtundu wa BMS amaletsa kulipiritsa pansi pomwe pano ndipo atha kuloleza kutentha kwa ma cell musanalole kuyenda kwapano.

Kuwonongeka kwa ma charger kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi zochulukirachulukira ngakhale batire ili ndi chitetezo. Kumvetsetsa njira zolephereka kumathandizira kuzindikira zoopsa zisanachitike.

Kulephera kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi kumakulitsa mndandanda wamavuto a charger. Ma charger amagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera ma voltage kuti azitulutsa zokhazikika. Zinthuzi zikalephera{{2}nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha msinkhu, kutentha kwa thupi, kapena kukwera kwa magetsi-kuchuluka kwa magetsi kumakwera kuposa mmene zimakhalira. Chaja yomwe idavotera 4.2V imatha kubweretsa 5V kapena kupitilira apo, mabwalo otchinjiriza a batri.

Mavuto omwe alipo pano amapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pang'onopang'ono koma zomwe zimawononganso chimodzimodzi. Ma charger opangidwa kuti azisinthasintha mphamvu pamene mabatire akuyandikira kukwanira kwa magetsi nthawi zina amalephera-pakali pano, kupitiriza kukankhira mphamvu yamagetsi ngakhale pamagetsi apamwamba. Izi zimakakamiza mphamvu yochulukirapo mu batri, kutulutsa kutentha ndi kupanikizika.

Ma charger a generic kapena abodza amakhala ndi zoopsa zina. Zogulitsazi zitha kukhala zopanda mabwalo oyendetsera bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavomerezeka, kapena kukhala ndi zolakwika zamapangidwe. Kuyesedwa kochitidwa ndi mabungwe oteteza ogula nthawi zonse kumapeza ma charger otsika mtengo kuposa ma voliyumu otetezeka komanso zomwe zilipo. Kuchepetsa mtengo kumatha kuwononga batri kapena kupanga zoopsa zamoto.

Ma charger osagwirizana amawononga mabatire kudzera mumagetsi komanso kusagwirizana komwe kulipo. Kugwiritsa ntchito chojambulira cha 5V cha foni pa chipangizo cha 3.7V, kapena chojambulira chopangira faifi tambala{3}}kutengera mabatire a lithiamu-maselo a ion, kumadzetsa mavuto. Nthawi zonse tsimikizirani kuti ma charger akugwirizana ndi zofunikira za batri.

Kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kwa ma charger kuchokera kudontho, kukhudzana ndi madzi, kapena nkhani za chingwe zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe amagetsi. Zingwe zosweka zimapanga kukana komwe kumasintha ma charger. Kuwonongeka kwamadzi kumatha kuyambitsa mabwalo amfupi mkati mwa charger, zomwe zimatsogolera kutulutsa kosalamulirika.

Ziwerengero zochokera ku kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chitetezo chazinthu zikuwonetsa ma charger-zochitika zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa pafupifupi 25% ya lithiamu{2}}mabatire a ion azimitsidwa. Kusankha koyenera kwa ma charger, kuyang'ana zowonongeka nthawi ndi nthawi, ndikusintha mayunitsi okalamba kumachepetsa kwambiri chiwopsezo chochulukirachulukira.

Simabatire onse a lithiamu{0}}ayoni amayankha chimodzimodzi pakuchulukitsidwa. Chemistry imasankha milingo yololera komanso njira zolephera.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO): Yofala m'mafoni a m'manja ndi ma laputopu, LCO imapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo koma osalolera bwino. Cathode imakhala yosakhazikika pamwamba pa 4.2V, kutulutsa mpweya umene umagwira mwamphamvu ndi electrolyte. Mabatire a LCO amafunikira malire okhwima amagetsi komanso chitetezo champhamvu cha BMS. Kuchulukirachulukira ngakhale 0.1V kumathandizira kutsika kwambiri.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4): Yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha chitetezo, LiFePO4 imagwira ntchito mochulukira kuposa ma chemistries ena chifukwa chokhazikika chachitsulo cha phosphate cathode. Mpweya wamagetsi ndi wotsika (3.65V pa selo) ndi wosalala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchulukitsa kuchepe. Ngakhale itachangidwa, LiFePO4 imatulutsa kutentha pang'ono ndi mpweya. Komabe, kuchulukitsitsa mobwerezabwereza kumapangitsabe kutaya mphamvu kosatha komanso kufupikitsa moyo wozungulira. Kuchuluka kwa mkati kukana kuchokera ku overcharging kumachulukana pakapita nthawi, potsirizira pake kumapangitsa maselo kukhala osagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC): Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi, NMC imalinganiza kachulukidwe ka mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwabwino. Mpweya wochuluka kwambiri umafika 4.2V pa selo. NMC imalekerera kuchulukitsidwa kwazing'ono kuposa LCO koma koyipa kuposa LiFePO4. Kutentha kwapayekha-kutentha kochulukira kumatsika kuposa LCO, zomwe zimapatsa nthawi yochulukirapo kuti makina oteteza azitha kuyankha kutentha kusanathe.

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO): Zida zamagetsi ndi zida zamankhwala zimagwiritsa ntchito LMO chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta. Mipangidwe itatu-yozungulira msana imalola kuyenda mwachangu kwa lithiamu ion koma kumachepetsa moyo wa mkombero ngakhale zinthu zili bwino. Kuchulukitsa{3}}kuchuluka komwe kulipo kale kumachepetsa, zomwe zimachepetsa moyo wothandiza kuchoka pa 700 mpaka 300-400.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA): Tesla ndi ma EV ena apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito NCA pakuchulukira kwamphamvu kwapadera. Komabe, NCA imakhala pakati pa ma chemistries omwe sakhazikika kwambiri akalipidwa. Kuchuluka kwa nickel kumapangitsa kuti cathode ikhale yogwira ntchito pamagetsi okwera. Chemistry iyi imafuna kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwamafuta komanso kuwongolera bwino kwamagetsi.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wokhudza kulipiritsa mochulukitsitsa-kumene mabatire amatcha ndalama mopitirira malire m'malo momangokhalira-amasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa zinthu m'mafakitale onse. Ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira kwakanthawi kochepa kumayambitsa kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono: kung'ambika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kusungunuka kwachitsulo, ndi ma depositi a anode. Magawo angapo amaphatikiza zotsatirazi, kufotokoza chifukwa chake mabatire omwe nthawi zina amachulutsa amatsika mwachangu kuposa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito okha.

Overcharging

Kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri kuthekera kwa kulipiritsa komanso kuopsa kwa zotsatira zake. Malo ozizira ndi otentha amapanga zovuta zosiyanasiyana.

Kutentha kochepa kumawonjezera chiwopsezo chochulukirachulukira kudzera mu kukana kwakukulu kwamkati. Pa -madigiri 10 , mphamvu ya batri ya lithiamu-ion imatha kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa chipinda. Kukana kokwezeka kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ma voltage akwere mwachangu panthawi yolipiritsa panjira yomweyi. Ma charger omwe amangoyang'anira mphamvu ya batire yokha amatha kutanthauzira mphamvu yamagetsi ngati yatsala pang'ono kutha, koma izi zikuwonetsa kukana kwamkati m'malo motengera momwe akulipirira. Kuchapirabe kenaka kumawonjezera batire.

Kuzizira kumapangitsanso kuti lithiamu plating pamilingo yotsika kwambiri kuposa nyengo yofunda. Kawirikawiri ma ion a lithiamu ayenera kufika pa anode ndikuyika pakati pa zigawo za graphite. Kuzizira kumachepetsa kuphatikizika kumeneku. Ma ion amawunjikana pamwamba pa anode m'malo mwake, kupanga ma depositi achitsulo. Kuyika uku kumatha kuyambika pamagetsi ochepera omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi okwera kwambiri kutentha kwachipinda.

Maphunziro ochokera ku 2024 akuwunika ma cell a LFP pa -10℃adapeza kuti akuchulukirachulukira mpaka 4.0-4.8V adayambitsa kuwonongeka mwachangu. Kuthekera kwatsika ndi 30-40% patangodutsa maulendo 50 okha, poyerekeza ndi 5-10% kutaya kwa kutentha kwa chipinda. Kuphulika kwapang'onopang'ono (LEL) kwa mpweya wothamangitsidwa ndi kutentha kunatsikanso, kutanthauza kuti mpweya wocheperako umafunika kuti pakhale malo ophulika.

Kutentha kwambiri kumabweretsa vuto lina-kumachepetsa nthawi pakati pa kuzindikira kuti zachulukirachulukira ndi kuthawa kwa kutentha. Kutentha kumafulumizitsa machitidwe onse amankhwala mu batri. Batire yochulukira pa digirii 40 imatha kufika pakutha kwa mphindi zochepa, pomwe kuchulukira komweku pa 20 digiri kungatenge mphindi 30. Zenera lakuyankha lofupikitsidwali limachepetsa mphamvu zamakina achitetezo.

Kutentha kozungulira kumawonjezera kutentha komwe kumapangidwa mkati kuchokera pakuchulukira, kumapanga malingaliro obwereza. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa batri m'galimoto yotentha (kutentha kwa mkati mwa madigiri 60) kumayambira pa kutentha kokwezeka. Kuchulukitsa kumapangitsa kutentha kwina. Kuphatikizikako kumakankhira kutentha m'magulu oopsa mwachangu kuposa chilichonse chokha.

Kusintha kwanyengo muzochitika za batri kumawonetsa kutentha uku. Ozimitsa moto amalengeza za moto wowonjezera wa lithiamu-ion batire m'miyezi yachilimwe, ndi kuchulutsa komanso kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumapangitsa kuti ma batire azikhala oopsa. Mofananamo, nyengo yachisanu imabweretsa mavuto ochulukira-okhudzana ndi kuyitanitsa chifukwa mabatire ozizira amakhala ndi vuto la mkati.

Kutentha koyenera kwa mabatire a lithiamu{0}}kutsika pakati pa 10-30 degrees . Kunja kwamtunduwu, mitengo yamitengo iyenera kutsika kuti ikwaniritse kutentha. Makina otsogola a BMS amakhala ndi ma aligorivimu akulipiritsa kutentha omwe amasintha zolipiritsa potengera kutentha kwa batri, kuletsa kuchulukitsitsa kokhudzana ndi kutentha.

Mawu oti "kuchulutsa" amapitilira kupitilira mabatire kupita kumadera azachuma ndi zamalamulo, pomwe amafotokoza za kulipiritsa mitengo yochulukirapo kapena kuwonjezera milandu yopanda chifukwa.

Muzochitika zamabizinesi, kulipiritsa mochulukira kumatanthauza kufuna kulipira kupyola -pamitengo yokwanira kapena yoyenera. Kontrakitala yemwe amalipiritsa $5,000 pantchito yomwe adagwirizana pa $3,500 amalipira mochulukira. Mofananamo, malo odyera akuwonjezera zinthu kubilu zomwe sanayitanitsa kapena kuwerengetsa ziwopsezo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kulipiritsa molakwika. Mabuku azachuma amachitanthauzira makamaka ngati kusiyana kwamitengo pakati pamitengo yamsika yogwirizana ndi mitengo yampikisano yofananira.

Malamulo oteteza ogula m'malo ambiri amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa malonda. Mabizinesi omwe apezeka kuti akuchulutsa mwadongosolo amakumana ndi zilango, zofunika kubweza ndalama, komanso milandu yomwe ingachitike chifukwa chachinyengo. Kuopsa kwake kumadalira-zolakwa zabilu zomwe nthawi zina zimalandira chilango chocheperapo kusiyana ndi njira zadala zopezera ndalama zambiri.

M'kati mwa machitidwe azamalamulo, kuchulukitsidwa kwa ozenga milandu kumatanthawuza kupereka milandu yayikulu kuposa momwe umboni umatsimikizira. Ozenga mlandu atha kunena kuti -kupha munthu wachiwiri pamene umboni ukusonyeza kuti anapha munthu yekha, zomwe zingapangitse kuti agwirizane. Oyimira milandu amasiyanitsa pakati pa kulipiritsa kopingasa (kuchulukitsa milandu mopanda chifukwa) ndi kulipiritsa mopitilira muyeso (kulipiritsa pamilingo yayikulu mosayenera). Ngakhale kuti makhothi amaletsa mchitidwewu, zifukwa zomwe zingawapangitse kupangitsa kuti kuthetsera milandu yokwera kwambiri kukhala kovuta.

Kugwiritsa ntchito -mabatire mopitilira muyeso uku kumagawana mutu wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa batire: kupyola malire oyenera kumabweretsa mavuto. Monga momwe mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukitsira imawonongera mabatire, ndalama zochulukira pazamalonda kapena zamalamulo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zomwe zimafuna kulowererapo.

Mafoni amakono apanga-zitetezo zomwe zimasiya kutchajitsa pamlingo wa 100%, zomwe zimaletsa kuchulukitsidwa kwachikhalidwe. Komabe, kusunga mafoni olumikizidwa mosalekeza kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ma charger pang'onopang'ono omwe amatulutsa kutentha komanso kupsinjika kwa batri pakapita nthawi. Kutentha kumeneku kumachepetsa moyo wa batri pang'onopang'ono. Kuchotsa mapulagi mukakhala ndi chaji chonse kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira kumawonjezera thanzi la batri.

Ma cell a lithiamu-amawoni amachulukira mphamvu mphamvu ikadutsa 4.2V pa selo iliyonse. Pa batire ya laputopu ya ma cell atatu, izi zikutanthauza kuti ma voltages pamwamba pa 12.6V akuwonetsa kuchulukira. Mabatire a Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) ali ndi malire otsika, nthawi zambiri 3.65V pa selo. Kuyang'ana mphamvu kumafuna kuti batire ipume kwa maola angapo kuti iwerengedwe molondola, chifukwa ma volteji amakwera kwakanthawi pakuchajisa kapena kutulutsa.

Kulephera kwa nthawi kumatengera kuchulukirachulukira komanso kuchuluka kwa batri. Kuchulukirachulukira kungayambitse kutha kwa kutentha mkati mwa mphindi kapena maora. Kuchulukitsa pang'ono kosalekeza kumawononga mphamvu pakadutsa milungu kapena miyezi, batire ikuwonetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu kwa 20-30% pambuyo pa 50-100 cycles poyerekeza ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse. Mabatire okhala ndi zida zodzitetezera nthawi zambiri salephera mowopsa koma amalephera kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.

Kuchulukitsitsa kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kosatha kwa zida za batri zomwe sizingasinthidwe. Ma cathode particles amasweka, plating ya lithiamu imakhalabe pa anode, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte sikungasinthe. Ngakhale kuyimitsa kuchulukitsitsa kumalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwina, mphamvu yomwe idatayika kale sikungabwezeretsedwe. Mabatire ochulukirachulukira osonyeza kutupa, kutayikira, kapena mphamvu yochepera 60% ya oyambira ayenera kusinthidwa m'malo moyesa kukonza.

Umoyo wa batri ndi chitetezo zimatengera kachitidwe koyenera. Kumvetsetsa makina ochulukirachulukira kumathandiza kupewa kuwonongeka kaya mukulipiritsa foni yam'manja usiku wonse kapena kuyang'anira galimoto yamagetsi. Njira zodzitetezera zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kulephera kowopsa kukhala kosowa ngati zida zimagwira ntchito bwino. Kuyang'ana pafupipafupi kwa ma charger ndi mabatire, kasungidwe koyenera, komanso kusamalitsa kutentha kumapangitsa kuti batire lizigwira ntchito nthawi yonse yomwe akufuna.

Kusinthika kwa chemistry ya batri kumapitilirabe kumapangidwe otetezeka. Mabatire olimba-akukhazikika pakali pano amalonjeza kukana kuchulukirachulukira posintha ma electrolyte amadzimadzi oyaka ndi zinthu zolimba. Mpaka matekinolojewa atakhwima, njira zodzitetezera zomwe zilipo kale limodzi ndi anthu odziwa zambiri zimateteza mabatire mabiliyoni ambiri a lithiamu{3}}aioni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.