Kodi Lithium Titanate ndi chiyani?

Lithium titanate ndi mankhwala osakaniza a oxide omwe amaphatikiza lithiamu, titaniyamu, ndi mpweya, omwe amapezeka kwambiri ngati Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ okhala ndi spinel crystal structure. Zinthu za ceramic izi zimagwira ntchito ngati anode mu mabatire a lithiamu-apadera kwambiri, omwe amapereka chitetezo chapadera komanso moyo wozungulira ngakhale kuti mphamvu imakhala yochepa poyerekeza ndi ma graphite anode.

Lithium titanate ilipo mumitundu ingapo yamankhwala, koma mtundu wa spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ umayang'anira ntchito za batri. Komponiyi imakhala ndi -zooneka ngati ma cubic lattice atatu pomwe ma lithiamu ma ion amakhala ndi malo a tetrahedral 8a, pomwe ma ion titaniyamu amadzaza malo a octahedral 16d mkati mwa makina okosijeni. Dongosololi limapanga zomwe ofufuza amazitcha "zero-strain"-lattice imasinthasintha ma voliyumu osakwana 1% panthawi ya charger ndi kutulutsa.

Mapangidwe a spinel amalola ma lithiamu ayoni kuti adutse mu kristalo podumpha pakati pa malo a tetrahedral ndi octahedral. Panthawi ya lithiamu, zinthuzo zimasintha kuchokera ku Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ kupita ku Li₇Ti₅O₁₂, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma ion atatu owonjezera a lithiamu pa formula unit. Kuyika uku kumachitika pafupifupi 1.55V motsutsana ndi chitsulo cha lithiamu, chokwera kwambiri kuposa 0.1V yamtundu wa graphite anode.

Mitundu ina ya lithiamu titanate ikuphatikizapo lithiamu metatitanate (Li₂TiO₃), ufa woyera wokhala ndi malo osungunuka opitirira 1,533 digiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu ceramics ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndi ramsdellite lithium titanate (Li₂Ti₃O₇), yomwe yasonyeza lonjezo mu kafukufuku wapadera wa batri. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi titaniyamu-mpaka{4}}kuchuluka kwa lithiamu ndi makonzedwe a kristalo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso a electrochemical.

Lithium Titanate

Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati anode ya batri, lithiamu titanate imagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi graphite wamba. Zinthuzi sizipanga mawonekedwe olimba a electrolyte (SEI) panthawi yoyambira chifukwa mphamvu yake yogwiritsira ntchito ya 1.55V imakhala mkati mwa zenera lokhazikika la electrochemical la ma electrolyte ambiri. Standard graphite anode imagwira ntchito pafupi ndi 0V motsutsana ndi lithiamu, kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte komwe kumapanga wosanjikiza woteteza koma wosakanizika wa SEI.

Panthawi yolipiritsa, ma ion a lithiamu amasuntha kuchokera ku cathode kudzera mu electrolyte ndikulowa mu lithiamu titanate anode. Mtundu wa nanocrystalline wa Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ umapereka pafupifupi masikweya mita 100 a malo apansi pa gramu{2}}kuposa 30 kuchulukitsa ndi graphite. Malo okulirapowa amathandizira kuti ma elekitironi alowe ndikutuluka mwachangu, kumathandizira kuti azilipiritsa mwachangu.

Mmene mungasinthire motere: Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 3Li⁺ + 3e⁻ ↔ Li₇Ti₅O₁₂. Kuthekera kwamalingaliro kumafikira 175 mAh/g, ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kothandiza kumakwaniritsa 150-170 mAh/g. Ngakhale kuti graphite imapereka mphamvu zongoganiza zapamwamba pa 372 mAh/g, lithiamu titanate imabweretsa kutha kwapamwamba komanso moyo wautali.

Kuthekera kwakukulu kwa redox kwa titaniyamu oxide poyerekeza ndi graphite kumapanga mwayi wotetezedwa. Lithium dendrites-singano-monga zitsulo zomwe zimatha kuboola zolekanitsa mabatire ndi kuyambitsa ma circuit afupiafupi-samapezeka kawirikawiri pamalo a lithiamu titanate. Mphepete mwachitetezochi ndi yofunika kwambiri-zogwiritsa ntchito panopo pomwe anode wamba amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kutha kwa kutentha.

Mabatire a lithiamu titanate amawonetsa moyo wozungulira womwe umaposa ma lithiamu-mafakitale ena a ion. Ma cell a zamalonda amapeza ndalama zokwana 10,000 mpaka 30,000-zikuchulukirachulukira mphamvu yake isanatsike kufika 80% ya zoyambazo. Mafotokozedwe a Toshiba a 2024 amati mizungulire 45,000 pamlingo wa 10C chifukwa cha{{13}maselo awo amphamvu a SCiB. Poyerekeza, mabatire a lithiamu-ayoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala 2,000-3,000.

Kutalika kwa moyo uku kumachokera ku ziro-zolephereka. Ma graphite anode amakula pafupifupi 10% panthawi ya lithiation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumaphwanya tinthu ting'onoting'ono ndikuwononga mphamvu mobwerezabwereza. Kusintha pang'ono kwa voliyumu ya Lithium titanate kumasunga kukhulupirika ngakhale pambuyo pazaka masauzande ambiri.

Kulipiritsa mwachangu kumayimira chizindikiro china. Mabatire a Lithium titanate atha kuyitanitsa kuchokera pa 0% kufika pa 80% mphamvu mu 6-mphindi 10 popanda kuwonongeka kwambiri. Mabasi amagetsi a ku Chongqing a 2011 anaonetsa kuti amatha kuchita zimenezi{12}}Mabasi 37 a mamita khumi ndi awiri okhala ndi makina a lithium titanate a 80 kWh amachajidwa m'mphindi 10 pogwiritsa ntchito ma charger a 400 kW. Maselo aposachedwa kwambiri a Toshiba amalipira mpaka 80% mu mphindi imodzi yokha pamlingo wa 48C.

Kutentha kumasiyanitsa lithiamu titanate ndi njira zina. Mabatirewa amagwira ntchito modalirika kuchokera ku -40 digiri mpaka 60 digiri popanda kutayika kwa mphamvu monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma chemistry ena pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Mapangidwe okhazikika a spinel amasunga ma ionic conductivity kudutsa m'ndandanda uwu, kupanga teknoloji yoyenera kuyika kwa Arctic, kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto yotentha ya nyengo, ndi zipangizo zamlengalenga komwe kuwongolera kutentha kumawonjezera kulemera ndi zovuta.

Chitetezo pamikhalidwe yankhanza chimaposa mitundu ina ya lithiamu-ion. Ma cell a lithiamu titanate amadutsa msomali, kuphwanya, ndi kuyesa mochulukira popanda moto kapena kuphulika. Kutentha kwazinthuzo kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 270, pamwamba pa kutentha kwa ntchito komanso kupitirira kuposa ma chemistry ambiri. Mbiri yachitetezoyi ndiyofunikira pakuyika-zikuluzikulu monga malo osungira magiliti pomwe kulephera kwa selo limodzi kumatha kuwomba.

Chovuta kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Mabatire a Lithium titanate amangotulutsa 30-110 Wh/kg yokoka ndi mphamvu yofikira 177 Wh/L. Mabatire amtundu wa lithiamu-ayioni ogwiritsira ntchito graphite anode ndi faifi tambala-manganese-cobalt cathodes amapeza 200-300 Wh/kg. Kuwonongeka katatu mpaka kakhumi kumatanthauza kuti mabatire a lithiamu titanate amakhala ndi malo ochulukirapo ndikulemera kwambiri pakusungirako mphamvu yofanana.

Kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka mphamvu kamayenda molunjika ku voltage yogwira ntchito. Ma cell a Lithium titanate amapanga 2.3-2.4V mwadzina mphamvu yamagetsi poyerekeza ndi 3.6-3.7V ya lifiyamu yokhazikika-ion. Kutayika kwamagetsi kumeneku-kuyimira pafupifupi 1V-kumasulira mwachindunji kuchepetsedwa kwa kusungidwa kwa mphamvu pa unit mass. Mapulogalamu omwe kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwake ndizofunikira kwambiri, monga magetsi ogula ndi magalimoto amagetsi akutali, sangavomereze kusinthanitsa uku.

Mtengo umapereka chotchinga china pakufalikira kwa ana. Ma batri a lithiamu titanate amakhala pafupifupi $1.50 pa watt-ola lililonse, pamene maselo a lithiamu iron phosphate amawononga pafupifupi $0.40 pa watt{4}}paola. Mtengo wake umachokera pazifukwa zingapo: zofunika kaphatikizidwe, kuwongolera chinyezi panthawi yopanga, zokwera mtengo za titaniyamu{{6}zotengera kalambulabwalo, ndi kutsika kwazinthu zopangira poyerekeza ndi ma chemistries wamba.

Njira yopangira imafuna kuwongolera mosamala. Sintering Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ imafuna kutentha kwa 600-850 digiri kutengera kaphatikizidwe, ndi nthawi yayitali yokonza kuposa kukonza ma elekitirodi a graphite. Zotsatira za anatase kapena rutile TiO₂ zitha kupanga ngati kuwongolera kutentha kukuwonetsa kusakwanira, kuwononga magwiridwe antchito a electrochemical. Lifiyamu titanate yapamwamba kwambiri imafunikira zida zamakono zopangira komanso ukadaulo.

Mabasi amagetsi akuyimira kutumizira kwakukulu kwambiri kwaukadaulo wa lithiamu titanate. Kuthamanga kwachangu kwa chemistry kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wolipiritsa pamalo okwerera mabasi, kulola ma batire ang'onoang'ono omwe amachepetsa chiwongola dzanja. Microvast imapereka mabatire a lithiamu titanate kwa opanga mabasi amagetsi ku Europe kuphatikiza ma deckers a Wrightbus's New Routemaster double-ku London, komwe mayunitsi 1,000 amagwiritsa ntchito batire ya 18 kWh.

Makina osungira magetsi a gridi akuchulukirachulukira kugwiritsa ntchito lithiamu titanate pakuwongolera pafupipafupi komanso ntchito zina. Altairnano anamanga malo osungirako mphamvu a 20 MW/5 MWh pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa lithiamu titanate. Zoyikirazi zimayika patsogolo nthawi yoyankhira komanso moyo wozungulira kuposa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu{4}}zimene lithiamu titanate imapambana. Mabatire amatha kuyankha mkati mwa ma milliseconds ku kusintha kwa ma frequency a grid ndikupirira zaka 30-40 akuyendetsa njinga tsiku lililonse.

Ntchito za njanji zimatengera kulekerera kutentha kwa lithiamu titanate ndi chitetezo. Batire la Siemens Mireo Plus B-masitima apamtunda amagetsi anayamba kugwira ntchito mu Epulo 2024 moyendetsedwa ndi ma cell a Toshiba lithium titanate okhala ndi zaka 15-zamoyo zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa. Ma locomotive a British Rail Class 93 tri-amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu titanate kuti aziyendera pamagawo opanda magetsi. N700S Shinkansen ya ku Japan imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wogwirira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri panthawi yamagetsi.

Zamagetsi za Consumer zimatenga lithiamu titanate muzochitika zapadera zomwe zimafunikira kulipiritsa mwachangu kapena kudalirika kwambiri. Samsung's Galaxy Note series imagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithium titanate mu S-Cholembera cholembera, chomwe chimachititsa kuti munthu azitha kuimirira kwa maola 10 pa mtengo wa masekondi 40. Mawotchi a Seiko Kinetic adalowa m'malo mwa ma capacitor ndi mabatire a lithiamu titanate kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zosungira mphamvu komanso moyo wautumiki.

Zida zamafakitale kuyambira pamagalimoto otsogozedwa ndi zida zam'manja zam'manja zimasankha lithiamu titanate pomwe chitetezo ndi moyo wozungulira zilungamitsa mtengo wokwera. Malo otchedwa Tempest weather station amagwiritsa ntchito batire ya lithiamu titanate ya 1,300 mAh yoyendetsedwa kudzera pa solar panel, yomwe imafunika maola 4 okha padzuwa milungu iwiri iliyonse. Ntchito zankhondo ndi zakuthambo zimayamikira momwe chemistry imagwirira ntchito pakutentha kwambiri komanso kukana ngozi zamoto.

Kuti mumvetsetse komwe lithiamu titanate ikugwirizana, zimathandiza kudziwamabatire a lithiamu ndi chiyanizambiri-ndizida zosungiramo mphamvu zotha kuchangidwanso zomwe zimasuntha ma ion lifiyamu pakati pa maelekitirodi kusunga ndi kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Mkati mwa batri ya lithiamu-ya ion iyi, lithiamu titanate ili ndi kagawo kakang'ono komwe kamafotokozedwa ndi anode. Mabatire ambiri a lithiamu amagwiritsa ntchito ma graphite anode ophatikizidwa ndi ma cathodes osiyanasiyana-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), faifi tambala-manganese-cobalt (NMC), kapena lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Mabatire a Lithium titanate amadzisiyanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ monga anode, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi lithiamu manganese oxide kapena lithiamu iron phosphate cathodes.

Poyerekeza ndi mabatire a LFP, lithiamu titanate imapatsa mphamvu 5-nthawi 10 yotalikirapo komanso kuzizira kwambiri-panyengo, koma imapereka mphamvu imodzi yokha-pachitatu mpaka theka la kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Maselo a LFP amawononga pafupifupi $ 0.40 / Wh motsutsana ndi $ 1.50 / Wh pa lithiamu titanate. Mafakitale onsewa amatsindika za chitetezo pa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, kuwapanga kukhala njira zina zogwirira ntchito pomwe ngozi yamoto imakhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa.

Mabatire a NMC ndi NCA amayang'anira ntchito zamagalimoto amagetsi zomwe zimafuna kuchuluka kokwanira. Mafakitolewa amabweretsa 200-250 Wh/kg-kachulukidwe kawiri kapena katatu ka lithiamu titanate{10}}yothandizira ma 300-500 mailosi. Komabe, amangozungulira ka 1,000-2,000 zokha ndipo amabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha kwa kutentha. Magalimoto amagetsi omwe amaika patsogolo mtengo wanthawi yayitali pa makilomita ndi kuthamangitsa mwachangu, monga zonyamula katundu m'tauni ndi mabasi amtawuni, zitha kuvomera zilango zosiyanasiyana za lithiamu titanate kuti zipindule.

Kulimbana ndi matekinoloje omwe akubwera monga -mabatire amphamvu ndi ma cell a sodium-ion, lithiamu titanate imayimira ukadaulo wokhwima, wotsimikiziridwa ndi malonda. Mabatire olimba-amalonjeza mphamvu zochulukirachulukira komanso chitetezo koma amakhalabe -pa chitukuko cha malonda ndi zovuta zopanga. Mabatire a sodium-amapereka zinthu zotsika mtengo koma mphamvu zofanana ndi za lithiamu titanate zokhala ndi moyo waufupi. Zolosera zamsika za 2025-2033 pulojekiti ya lithium titanate yokhala ndi magawo apadera amsika pomwe matekinoloje atsopanowa athana ndi ntchito zomwe zikugulitsidwa pamsika.

Lithium Titanate

Padziko lonse lapansi msika wa batri wa lithiamu titanate wafika $75.61-80.65 biliyoni mu 2024 malinga ndi makampani angapo ofufuza zamsika, zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuyambira $237-308 biliyoni pofika 2033-2034. Izi zikuyimira kukula kwapachaka kwa 10-14.4%, motsogozedwa ndi kutengera magalimoto amagetsi, kukulitsa kusungirako gridi, komanso kufunikira kwa zomangamanga zothamangitsa mwachangu.

Asia-Pacific ndiye akuchulutsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, zomwe zikuchititsa pafupifupi 60% ya batire ya lithium titanate yomwe ikufunika padziko lonse mu 2024. Ndondomeko Yazaka 14 zaku China-Zokonzekera Zazaka 14 zaku China{4}}Zokonzekera Zakale zaku China zikufuna kukula ndi 50% yotulutsa mphamvu zowonjezera kuyambira 2020-2025, zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale ndalama zosungirako mabatire pomwe lithium titanate imathandizira pazaka zitatu pazachuma. Japan, kunyumba kwa ukadaulo wa Toshiba wa SCiB, imasunga kukhazikitsidwa kwamphamvu kwa lithiamu titanate mumayendedwe apanjanji komanso ntchito zamafakitale.

North America ili ndi gawo la msika pafupifupi 36%, ndi opanga okhazikika ngati Altairnano ndi osewera omwe akutuluka ngati Grinergy akukulitsa luso lopanga. Ndalama zokwana madola 258 miliyoni za Dipatimenti Yoona za Mphamvu za US Department of Energy mu umisiri wotsogola wa batire zikuphatikizapo kupanga lithiamu titanate pamapulogalamu apadera pomwe lithiamu-ion wamba ikhala yosakwanira.

Opanga ofunikira akuphatikizapo Toshiba (SCiB brand), Altairnano (Nanosafe), Microvast (LpTO), Leclanché (TiBox), ndi opanga aku China kuphatikiza Yinlong Battery Technology yopezedwa ndi Gree Electric. Kukula kwamphamvu zopanga kumakhazikika pakuchepetsa ndalama kudzera pakukhathamiritsa kwazinthu komanso kuchuluka kwachuma m'malo mosintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Mayendedwe a kafukufuku akugogomezera kuthana ndi zoletsa zazikulu za lithiamu titanate. Magulu padziko lonse lapansi amafufuza za doping ndi niobium, magnesium, kapena zinthu zina kuti apititse patsogolo kadulidwe ndi mphamvu. Zosintha zapamtunda kuphatikiza zokutira kaboni ndi nanostructuring zikufuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. Njira zopititsira patsogolo zimayang'ana kupalasa njinga kupyola Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwamphamvu, ngakhale izi zimasokoneza mwayi-wopanda phindu.

Kupanga kwa Lithium titanate nthawi zambiri kumatsata njira zolimba-zokhazikika kapena zamadzimadzi-zimene zili ndi ubwino wake. Njira yanthawi zonse-yotentha kwambiri-yomwe imasakaniza lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) ndi titanium dioxide (TiO₂) mu stoichiometric ratios, kenako amachedwetsa kusakaniza kwa madigiri 700-850 kwa maola 10-24. Njirayi imakhala yosavuta komanso yowonjezereka koma imapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono (500nm-5μm) ndi malo otsika.

Sol-Njira za gel osakaniza zimapereka mphamvu zowongolera kukula kwa tinthu ndi kapangidwe kake. Akatswiri amasungunula titaniyamu alkoxides ngati tetrabutyl titanate yokhala ndi lithiamu hydroxide mu zosungunulira za organic, kenako gel ndi calcine pa 600-800 digiri . The chifukwa lifiyamu titanate zimaonetsa tinthu kukula m'munsimu 200nm ndi apamwamba pamwamba madera akuyandikira 100 m²/g chimathandiza kudya nawuza. Komabe, -njira za gel zimafunika kuwongolera bwino chinyezi ndikuwonetsa zodula kuposa kaphatikizidwe ka state-state.

Hydrothermal synthesis imapanga lithiamu titanate pa kutentha kocheperako (120-200 degrees ) pochita zinthu zoyambira m'madzi amadzimadzi. Njirayi imapanga ma nanotubes ndi ma nanowires okhala ndi ma morphologies apadera, koma amafunikira zida zapadera zopanikizika kwambiri ndikupanga mitsinje yazinyalala zamadzimadzi zomwe zimafuna chithandizo.

Njira ya mchere wosungunula imayimitsa zotulutsa madzi mumchere wochepa-wosungunuka mchere (makamaka LiCl-osakaniza a KCl) pa 500-madigiri 700 . Sing'anga yamadzimadzi imathandizira kufalikira kwa ayoni mwachangu, kutulutsa crystalline lithiamu titanate yokhala ndi zinthu zabwino zama electrochemical. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu-zimagwira ntchito moyenera poyerekeza ndi mayendedwe anthawi zonse, njira za mchere wosungunula zimafunikira makina obwezeretsanso mchere ndi kuubwezeretsanso.

Kuwongolera kwaubwino panthawi yopanga kumatsimikizira kukhala kofunikira. X-Kusiyanitsa kwa ray kumatsimikizira chiyero, popeza kuchuluka kwa anatase kapena rutile TiO₂ kumasokoneza magwiridwe antchito. Kugawa kagawo kakang'ono kumakhudza kukonza kwa maelekitirodi ndi momwe batire imagwirira ntchito-yachikulu kwambiri ndipo kadulidwe kake kamasokonekera, kakang'ono kwambiri komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tophatikizana. Chinyezi chiyenera kukhala pansi pa 100 ppm kuti muteteze kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte panthawi ya msonkhano wa selo.

Mabatire a Lithium titanate nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 10,000 mpaka 30,000-zotulutsa asanafike 80% mphamvu yake, ndi zina{6}}zamphamvu zambiri zovoteledwa ndi ma cycle 45,000. Mabatire a lifiyamu nthawi zonse{10}}amagwiritsa ntchito ma graphite anode amatha kuzungulira 2,000-3,000 nthawi zofanana. Ubwino wa moyo wautali wa 5-15x umatanthawuza zaka 20-30 zogwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyenda tsiku ndi tsiku, poyerekeza ndi zaka 5-8 za lithiamu-ion wamba.

Kuwonongeka kwa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kumapangitsa kuti lithiamu titanate ikhale yosatheka pamagetsi onyamula ogula. Batire ya foni yam'manja yogwiritsa ntchito lithium titanate ingakhale yokulirapo 2-kuwirikiza katatu komanso kulemera kuposa kapangidwe kamakono kuti ipereke nthawi yofanana nayo. Ogwiritsa ntchito amaika patsogolo kukula kwa chipangizocho ndi kulemera kwake kuposa kuthamangitsa mwachangu komanso moyo wautali amapindula ndi lithiamu titanate. Kukwera mtengo kumalepheretsanso kutengera anthu m'misika yotsika mtengo.

Inde, mabatire a lithiamu titanate amatha kulipira mwachangu kuposa ma Tesla Supercharger apano akapangidwa bwino. Maselo aposachedwa kwambiri a Toshiba amawononga 80% mu 1-mphindi 6 kutengera mulingo wamagetsi, pomwe Tesla Supercharger amafunikira mphindi 15-20 pamiyezo yolipiritsa yofananira. Komabe, izi zimafunika zida zapadera zopangira mphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri ({6}} kW) zomwe sizikupezeka kwambiri, ndipo chilango cha mphamvu yamagetsi chimatanthauza kuti magalimoto a lithiamu titanate azikhala ndi kutalika kwa batire yocheperako.

Zinthu zitatu zimathandizira chitetezo cha lithiamu titanate: Choyamba, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito 1.55V imalepheretsa mapangidwe a lithiamu dendrite omwe amachititsa kuti mafupipafupi amkati apangidwe mu graphite anode. Chachiwiri, zinthuzo sizipanga mawonekedwe olimba a electrolyte omwe amatha kuwola mopitilira muyeso. Chachitatu, kutha kwa kutentha kwa madigiri 270 kumaposa kutentha kwanthawi zonse, ndipo zero-zingwe zimalimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina. Makhalidwewa amalola maselo a lithiamu titanate kudutsa msomali ndikuphwanya mayeso popanda moto kapena kuphulika.

Lithium Titanate

Lithium titanate imakhala ndi niche yodziwika koma yomwe ikukula posungira mphamvu. Ukadaulowu sudzalowa m'malo mwa lithiamu-ion wamba m'mafoni a m'manja kapena magalimoto aatali-atali komwe kumapangitsa kuti magetsi azigwiritsidwa ntchito. M'malo mwake, imayankhulirana ndi mapulogalamu omwe moyo wozungulira, chitetezo, kuyitanitsa mwachangu, kapena kulolera kutentha kumapangitsa kuvomereza kutsika kwamphamvu kwamagetsi ndi mtengo wokwera.

Kukula kowoneka bwino kumawonekera pamayendedwe apagulu, komwe kulipiritsa mwayi kumathandizira mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a batire omwe amathetsa zilango zolemera pang'ono, komanso komwe kusinthanitsa batire kumawononga ndalama zopitilira zaka 12-15 za moyo wagalimoto zomwe zimakonda kumakhemistri olimba. Kusungirako ma gridi kumayimira kukwanira kwina kwachilengedwe, makamaka pamachitidwe owongolera pafupipafupi omwe amafunikira masauzande ambiri tsiku lililonse kwazaka zambiri.

Zomwe zachitika posachedwa m'njira zosakanizidwa zikuwonetsa lonjezano-kuphatikiza ma lithium titanate anode okhala ndi{1}}cathodes apamwamba kwambiri, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito lithium titanate mosiyanasiyana-magalimoto otalikira pomwe batire laling'ono limazungulira pafupipafupi. Pamene miyeso yopangira zinthu ikucheperachepera, chemistry imatha kukula kukhala misika yapadera. Pakadali pano, lifiyamu titanate ikuwonetsa kuti chemistry yabwino kwambiri ya batire imadalira zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito m'malo motsata ukadaulo "wabwino" pazogwiritsa ntchito zonse.