Kodi Lithium Manganese Oxide ndi chiyani?

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) ndi chinthu cha cathode chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire a lithiamu-ion, okhala ndi mankhwala akuti LiMn₂O₄. Ili ndi -dimensional spinel crystal structure yomwe imathandiza kuti lithiamu{3}}isunthike bwino pamene batire imatchaja ndi kutulutsa.

Mawonekedwe a LMO ali mu mawonekedwe ake a spinel crystal, omwe ali pansi pa gulu la danga Fd3m. Dongosolo la cubic lattice limayika maatomu okosijeni pamalo enaake pomwe manganese ndi ma lithiamu ma ion amatenga malo octahedral ndi tetrahedral motsatana. Zigawo zitatu-zowoneka bwino zimapanga njira zolumikizidwa kuti ma ma ion a lithiamu aziyenda momasuka, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti batire ikugwira ntchito.

Kamangidwe kameneka kamathetsa vuto lomwe likukumana ndi-zigawo ziwiri za cathode. M'malo mokakamiza ma ion kuyenda munjira zochepa zokhazikika, kapangidwe ka spinel kamapereka njira zingapo mumiyeso itatu. Chotsatira chake ndi mayendedwe a ion othamanga, kuchepetsa kukana kwamkati, komanso kuthekera kwapakali pano. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kapangidwe kameneka kamasunga kukhulupirika kwake ngakhale nthawi yotulutsa mwachangu-ikutulutsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti LMO ikhale yogwirizana ndi mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zamagetsi mwachangu.

Manganese omwe ali mu LMO amapezeka m'malo osakanikirana a valence, omwe ali ndi magawo ofanana a Mn³⁺ ndi Mn⁴⁺ ma ion omwe amakhala pamasamba a octahedral. Mkhalidwe wosakanikirana wa okosijeniwu umakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pamachitidwe a electrochemical omwe amachitika pakugwira ntchito kwa batri, kulola kuyika ndi kutulutsa kwa lithiamu.

Panthawi yotulutsa, ma ion a lithiamu amachoka ku anode kudzera mu electrolyte kupita ku LMO cathode, komwe amakhala malo a tetrahedral mkati mwa chimango cha manganese oxide. Ma electron amayenda mozungulira kunja, kupanga magetsi. Mukachajitsa, njirayi imatembenuza-mayoni a lithiamu kuchokera ku cathode ndikubwerera ku anode.

Makhalidwe amagetsi amasiyanitsa LMO ndi ma cathode chemistries. Mabatire a LMO amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pafupifupi 4.0V, yokwera pang'ono kuposa machitidwe a lithiamu cobalt oxide (LCO). Magetsi okwerawa amathandizira kuti mphamvu ziwonjezeke pa unit mass, ngakhale mphamvu zonse zimakhalabe zochepa poyerekeza ndi faifi tambala{3}}rich cathode materials.

Njira yolumikizirana mu LMO imachitika kudzera m'njira yomwe ma lithiamu ma ion amalowetsamo ndikuchotsa mumsana popanda kusokoneza kwambiri manganese{0}}makonzedwe a okosijeni. Kukhazikika kumeneku pakuyenda njinga ndi mwayi komanso malire, zomwe tikambirana m'gawo lazovuta.

Mabatire a LMO amapambana pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri pakanthawi kochepa. Zida zamagetsi zimayimira gawo lalikulu la msika, pomwe opanga amayamikira luso la LMO lopereka ndalama zambiri pobowola, kudula, ndi kufulumira. Kutulutsa mwachangu kumafanana ndi nthawi,{2}yamphamvu kwambiri ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida.

Gawo lamagalimoto limagwiritsa ntchito LMO mu magalimoto osakanizidwa ndi magetsi, ngakhale nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi zida zina za cathode. Mwachitsanzo, Nissan Leaf ndi Chevy Volt, agwiritsa ntchito LMO-NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) ma cathodes osakanizidwa. Njira yosakanizidwa iyi imathandizira mphamvu yayikulu ya LMO kuti ipititse patsogolo ndikudalira NMC kuti ikhale yokhazikika. Zambiri zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa pafupifupi 30% zomwe zili mu LMO mumakina ophatikizika ngati amenewa zimapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Zida zamankhwala zimapindula ndi mbiri yachitetezo cha LMO ndi mphamvu zake. Zida zopangira opaleshoni, ma defibrillator onyamula, ndi mapampu olowetsera amaphatikiza mabatire a LMO chifukwa kukhazikika kwamafuta kumachepetsa ngozi yamoto m'malo osamalira. Kafukufuku wa 2024 wokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha batri yachipatala adapeza kuti palibe mabatire a LMO osajambulidwa m'chipatala, poyerekeza ndi zochitika zapaokha ndi ma lithiamu{3}}ion chemistries.

Njinga zamagetsi ndi ma scooters amatengera ukadaulo wa LMO, makamaka m'misika yaku Asia. Kuphatikizika kwa mtengo-kukwanira bwino ndi kupereka mphamvu kwamagetsi kokwanira kumayenderana ndi mmene magalimoto amenewa amagwiritsidwira ntchito-maulendo afupiafupi okhala ndi nthawi zina-mphamvu zochulukira kwambiri{3}zokwera mapiri kapena kuthamanga kwambiri.

Njira zosungiramo mphamvu zophatikizira zongowonjezeranso zimagwiritsanso ntchito LMO, ngakhale pulogalamuyi imayang'anizana ndi lithiamu iron phosphate (LFP). Pulojekiti ya Swedish solar farm mu 2025 inatumiza 50 MWh ya mabatire a sodium-manganese oxide (umisiri wosiyanasiyana), kusonyeza luso lopitilira muyeso la manganese{4}motengera mphamvu zosungira mphamvu.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Kuchuluka kwa manganese kumapangitsa LMO kukhala yokongola pachuma. Manganese ndi chinthu cha 12 chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, chochuluka kwambiri kuposa cobalt kapena faifi tambala. Kupezeka uku kumatanthauza kukhazikika kwamitengo ndi kutsika kwachiwopsezo cha chain chain. Zomwe zilipo pamsika zikuwonetsa kuti zida za LMO zimawononga pafupifupi 20% poyerekeza ndi faifi tambala-cobalt-manganese (NCM) m'malo mwa zinthu zina zikamawononga ndalama zogulira.

Kuganizira za chilengedwe kumakonda LMO kuposa cobalt{0}}mafakitale ovuta kwambiri. Kutulutsa kwa manganese, ngakhale kulibe vuto la chilengedwe, kumapewa zovuta zambiri zamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi migodi ya cobalt m'madera ena. Kusakhalapo kwa poizoni-kwachilengedwe kumapangitsa kugwira ntchito mosavuta panthawi yopanga ndi kukonzanso. Malo obwezeretsanso mabatire amatha kukonza LMO ndi njira zopangira zitsulo, kubweza manganese kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito m'mabatire atsopano kapena ntchito zina zamafakitale.

Kukhazikika kwamafuta kumayimira mwayi waukulu wachitetezo. Ma cathodes a LMO amalimbana ndi kutha kwa kutentha-kuchepa mphamvu komwe kutentha kwa batire kumakwera kwambiri, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa moto kapena kuphulika. Kuyesa molingana ndi miyezo ya UL kukuwonetsa kuti LMO imawonetsa kutsika kwa chiwopsezo cha kutha kwa kutentha ndi 58% poyerekeza ndi masinthidwe a lithiamu{4}}ion. Kukhazikika kwamtundu wa spinel kumatanthauza kuti LMO imasunga magwiridwe antchito pakatenthedwe kokwera, imagwira ntchito motetezeka mpaka madigiri 60 (140 digiri F) popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu.

Kutha kulipira mwachangu kumachokera kunjira zitatu-zowoneka bwino za ma ion. Mabatire a LMO amatha kuvomereza kuyitanitsa pamitengo yopitilira 1C (kulipira kwathunthu mu ola limodzi) popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Izi zimasiyana ndi zida zina za cathode zomwe zimataya mphamvu pakuthamangitsa mwachangu.

Kutha kwa mphamvu pakupalasa njinga yayitali kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu la LMO. Mabatire a LMO nthawi zambiri amapereka ma charger 300-700 mphamvu isanatsike kufika pa 80% ya mabatire oyambilira ocheperako kuposa ma 1,500-3,000 a mabatire a LFP. Izi zimachokera ku kusungunuka kwa manganese mu electrolyte, chodabwitsa chomwe chimathamanga pa kutentha kwakukulu.

Njira yosungunulira imaphatikizapo ma Mn²⁺ ma ion kuchoka ku cathode, makamaka pamaso pa hydrofluoric acid (HF) yomwe imachokera ku kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte. Ma ions osungunuka a manganesewa amasamukira ku anode, komwe amaika ndikusokoneza kusanjikiza kolimba kwa electrolyte interphase (SEI). M'kupita kwa nthawi, njirayi imasokoneza ma electrode onse, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya batri yonse ndi ntchito.

Kuchepa kwa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kumalepheretsa kupikisana kwa LMO pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kusungirako kwakukulu. Mabatire a LMO amapeza pafupifupi 100-150 Wh/kg, poyerekeza ndi 150-250 Wh/kg pa NMC ndi 250-300 Wh/kg pa ma cathodes apamwamba kwambiri a nickel. Pamagalimoto amagetsi omwe amaika patsogolo maulendo ataliatali, kusiyana kwa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kameneka kumamasulira mwachindunji kuchepetsedwa mtunda pa mtengo uliwonse kapena kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa batire kuti akwaniritse mtundu wofanana.

Jahn-Zotsatira za Teller zimabweretsa zovuta zina zamakonzedwe. Ikatulutsidwa pansi pafupifupi 3V, Mn³⁺ ma ion amakumana ndi kusokonekera kwa geometric komwe kumasintha mawonekedwe a msana wa cubic kukhala wofanana ndi tetragonal symmetry. Kusintha kwa gawoli kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu ya anisotropic-crystal imakula kwambiri mbali zina kuposa kwina. Kuyendetsa njinga mobwerezabwereza kudzera mukusinthaku kumabweretsa kupsinjika kwamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zizichepa ndipo pamapeto pake zimawonongeka.

Ochita kafukufuku atsatira njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera. Zopaka pamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), kapena zigawo za carbon conductive zimatha kulepheretsa kusungunuka kwa manganese popanga chotchinga choteteza. Kafukufuku wa 2024 adawonetsa kuti kuyika kwa ma atomiki kwa zokutira za Al₂O₃ kumatalikitsa moyo wozungulira kuchoka pa 500 mpaka 1,200 mizunguliro popewa kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi ma electrolyte ndi cathode pamwamba.

Njira za doping zimaphatikizapo kulowetsamo zinthu zochepa zakunja mumpangidwe wa spinel. Kuphatikizira zinthu monga aluminiyamu, faifi tambala, kapena chromium kungathe kukhazikika mpangidwe wa kristalo ndikuchepetsa Jahn-Teller effect. Kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa mu 2024 adawonetsa kuti kulowetsa m'malo mwa aluminiyamu ndi fluorine mu LiMn₂₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yFy kumathandizira kuti{4}}kusasunthike kwambiri.

Kupitilira pa LiMn₂O₄ spinel, pali mitundu ingapo kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zinazake. Lithium-rich manganese oxide (LRMO) zida, zokhala ndi formula yanthawi zonse ya Li₁₊ₓMn₂₋ₓO₄ kapena zosakaniza za Li₂MnO₃, zimapereka mphamvu yowonjezereka yopitilira 250 mAh/g. Zida izi zidadziwika bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa pomwe ofufuza akuyesetsa kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe adakumana nazo pakutha kwamagetsi komanso kusachita bwino koyambirira.

High-Voltage spinel variables ngati LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) imagwira ntchito pafupifupi 4.7V, ikupereka mphamvu zochulukirapo mozungulira 200 Wh/kg. Toyota idalengeza mapulani mu 2024 kuti itulutse galimoto yamagetsi yamtundu wa LNMO pofika 2026, kulunjika mtunda wa 400 km. Vuto la LNMO lagona pakukhazikika kwa ma electrolyte pamagetsi okwera, omwe amatsitsa ndikutulutsa mpweya pakakwera njinga. Electrolyte ya fluorinated yopangidwa ndi ofufuza mu 2023 idachepetsa mapangidwe a gasi ndi 90%, kuthana ndi izi.

Zomangamanga za cathode zophatikizika zimaphatikiza LMO ndi zida zina kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito. Batire ya CATL ya M3P imaphatikiza manganese-zolemba zolemera ndi phosphate{{3}mankhwala otengera phosphate{3}, kupeza mtengo wotsika ndi 15% kuposa mabatire wamba a NMC kwinaku akugwirabe ntchito mopikisana. Njira zophatikizidwirazi zikuyimira zomwe zikuchitika mumakampani opangidwa ndi ma cathode ogwirizana ndi machitidwe enaake osati njira imodzi{{6}chemistry.

Zomangamanga zokhala ndi manganese oxide, pomwe ndizocheperako kuposa ma spinels, zimapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wa 2024 wokhudza Li-birnessite, lithiamu manganese oxide wosanjikiza wokhala ndi vuto lowongolera, adawonetsa kupalasa njinga kufupi ndi kuthekera kongoyerekeza popondereza kusintha kosayenera. Dongosolo la kafukufukuyu likuwonetsa kuti uinjiniya wosamala pamlingo wa atomiki amatha kuthana ndi malire achikhalidwe a LMO.

Kupanga malonda a LMO nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito zolimba-zimene zimapangidwira, pomwe lithiamu carbonate (Li₂CO₃) kapena lithium hydroxide (LiOH) imachita ndi manganese oxide precursors pa kutentha kokwera (700-900 digiri). Njira ya calcination imapanga mapangidwe a spinel, ndi kukula kwa tinthu ndi morphology yoyendetsedwa ndi kutentha, nthawi, ndi kusankha koyambirira.

Kupita patsogolo kwazinthu zopanga zinthu kumafuna kuchepetsa ndalama komanso kukonza zinthu zakuthupi. Kafukufuku wa 2024 adapanga njira yathunthu yoyambira kuchokera ku miyala ya manganese m'malo mwa electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Mwachindunji-kuchokera-kuchokera ku njira ya ore, pogwiritsa ntchito acid leaching yotsatiridwa ndi kuwola kwa kutentha ndi kuonda kolimba-kuchokera ku state reaction, kunakwanitsa 96.1% kuchotsa manganese moyenera pamene tikupanga LMO ndi electrochemical performance poyerekeza ndi zinthu wamba.

Yankho{{0}njira zotengera kaphatikizidwe ngati hydrothermal kapena sol-njira za gel osakaniza zimawongolera kukula kwa tinthu ndi ma morphology. Njirazi zimatha kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta LMO tochulukira pamtunda, zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. Komabe, njira zoyankhira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zocheperako kuposa zolimba{4}}zopanga malonda.

Njira zosinthira pamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi kapena pambuyo pa kaphatikizidwe zimatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a LMO. Njira zokutira pogwiritsa ntchito kuyika kwa nthunzi wamankhwala, kuyika kwa atomiki, kapena njira zonyowa zamakemikolo zimagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zoteteza zomwe zimachepetsa kusungunuka kwa manganese. Kukhuthala kwa zokutira, nthawi zambiri 5-20 nanometers, kuyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisasunthike ndi mayendedwe a ayoni-zopaka zokhuthala zimateteza bwino koma kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa lithiamu-ion.

Msika wapadziko lonse wa LMO cathode udafika $2.31 biliyoni mu 2024, ndikuyerekeza kuwonetsa kukula mpaka $4.29 biliyoni pofika 2033 pakukula kwapachaka kwa 7.1%. Kukula uku kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa batri ya lithiamu pazambiri komanso zabwino za LMO pamapulogalamu ena.

Zochitika zachigawo zikuwonetsa kuti Asia Pacific ikulamulira ndi pafupifupi 54% pamsika ($ 1.25 biliyoni mu 2024). China, Japan, ndi South Korea amakhala ndi opanga mabatire akuluakulu ndikuyendetsa kupanga ndi kufunikira. Kulimbikitsa boma pamagalimoto amagetsi komanso kusungirako mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa m'maikowa kumapindulitsa mwachindunji kutengera kwa LMO. North America ndi Europe palimodzi zimapanga pafupifupi 45% ya msika, ndikukula koyendetsedwa ndi magetsi amagalimoto ndi ntchito zosungira mphamvu.

Mpikisano wochokera ku ma cathode chemistries umapangitsa msika wa LMO. Lithium iron phosphate yapeza malo ofunikira, makamaka ku China, chifukwa cha moyo wake wapamwamba wozungulira komanso chitetezo. Kusiyana kwamitengo pakati pa LMO ndi LFP kwacheperachepera pomwe kupanga kwa LFP kukukulirakulira. Komabe, LMO imasunga maubwino ake pamagetsi enaake ndi voteji, kusungitsa kagawo kakang'ono kake m'magetsi amphamvu-.

Kusintha kwa ndondomeko kumakhudza kutengera kwa LMO. European Union's 2027 Battery Regulation imayika zofunikira zokhazikika komanso zofunikira zotsatirika. Malamulowa atha kukhala abwino kwa manganese{{3}mafakitale opangira mankhwala m'malo mwa cobalt-njira zina zochulukirachulukira chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Malingaliro ena akuphatikiza zolipiritsa pazomwe zili ndi cobalt, zomwe zingapangitse LMO 20% kukhala yotsika mtengo kuposa NMC m'misika ina ikakhazikitsidwa.

Thandizo la kafukufuku likuwonetsa chiwongola dzanja chopitilira mu mabatire a manganese{{0}. Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ku US inapereka ndalama zokwana $2 biliyoni zogwiritsa ntchito manganese{{5}kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha batire kuyambira 2024-2027, zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha mphamvu zochulukirapo komanso moyo wozungulira ndikusunga zabwino zake. Chizindikiro chandalamachi chikuwonetsa kuzindikira kwa boma za ntchito ya manganese pakusiyanitsa maunyolo operekera mabatire kutali ndi mchere wofunikira ngati cobalt.

Kuphatikizika kwa batire yolimba-kuyimira kupambana kwaukadaulo wa LMO. Ma electrolyte olimba amachotsa ma electrolyte amadzimadzi omwe amathandizira kusungunuka kwa manganese, zomwe zingathetsere njira yowonongeka ya LMO. Zambiri za QuantumScape's 2024 pa LMO zophatikizidwa ndi ma electrolyte a ceramic zidakwanitsa mizunguliro 500 pamlingo wa 1C, ngakhale kukana kwa mawonekedwe kumakhalabe kuwirikiza katatu kuposa ma cell electrolyte amadzimadzi. Mtundu wolimba wa Toyota-wogwiritsa ntchito LiMn₂O₄ cathode wokhala ndi electrolyte ya Li₃PS₄ unawonetsa mphamvu ya 300 Wh/kg, kuyandikira milingo ya machitidwe a NMC kwinaku akusunga ubwino wachitetezo cha LMO.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Kumvetsetsa LMO kumafuna nkhani mkati mwa mawonekedwe a batri a lithiamu. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) imapereka mphamvu zambiri (140-180 Wh/kg) koma imakhala ndi kusakhazikika kwamafuta komanso kukwera mtengo. LCO imayang'anira zamagetsi zam'manja pomwe kukula kuli kofunikira kuposa mtengo kapena moyo wautali, koma nkhawa zachitetezo zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pamapulogalamu akulu.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) imapereka moyo wapadera wozungulira (2,000-5,000 cycles) komanso chitetezo chapamwamba, chimagwira ntchito ndi magetsi otsika (3.2V mwadzina). Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za LFP (90-120 Wh/kg) ndizotsika pa LMO, koma kukhala ndi moyo wautali kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yotsika mtengo pamapulogalamu omwe ndalama zosinthira pafupipafupi zimaposa mtengo wogula. Msika wamagalimoto amagetsi ku China ukukomera LFP pamagalimoto amtundu wanthawi zonse, pomwe kuphatikiza kwa LMO-NMC kumakhalabe kofala m'misika yomwe imayika patsogolo magwiridwe antchito.

Mabatire a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) amapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa momwe amachitira malonda apano (150-250 Wh/kg), kuwapangitsa kuti azikonda magalimoto amagetsi aatali. Komabe, NMC imawononga ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha faifi tambala ndi cobalt, ndipo nkhawa za kukhazikika kwamafuta zimafunikira machitidwe apamwamba a batire. Kutumiza kwamphamvu kwa LMO kumaposa NMC pakuphulika kwakanthawi, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale ndi malire pazogwiritsa ntchito zosakanizidwa zomwe zimafunikira kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu.

Mabatire a Lithium titanate (LTO) amagwiritsa ntchito anode yosinthidwa m'malo mwa cathode yosiyana, koma kufananitsako kumakhala kophunzitsa. LTO imapereka moyo wautali kwambiri (10,000+ cycle) komanso chitetezo koma mphamvu zochepa kwambiri (50-80 Wh/kg). Kuphatikiza kwa ma LTO anode okhala ndi ma cathode a LMO kumapanga mabatire okongoletsedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito zinazake monga mabasi othamanga mwachangu, kuwonetsa momwe ma chemistry pairing angagwirizane ndi zofunikira za niche.

Kuthamanga kwa luso la LMO kudakwera m'zaka zaposachedwa pomwe ofufuza adathana ndi malire omwe adakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kafukufuku wa 2024 mu Journal of the American Chemical Society adafotokoza za lithiamu manganese oxide wosanjikiza wokhala ndi vuto lowongolera lomwe limakwaniritsa kupalasa njinga mozungulira pafupi ndi mphamvu zongoyerekeza. Ofufuzawa adagwiritsa ntchito ma ion exchange ndikuwongolera kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi kuti apange Li{3}}birnessite losasinthika lomwe limalepheretsa kusamuka kwa manganese ndi kusungunuka.

Njira zosinthira pamwambazi zikupitilirabe. Ofufuza mu 2024 adawonetsa kuti kutsekeka kwa graphene kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono twa LMO kumakulitsa mphamvu ndi 15% ndikukulitsa moyo wozungulira. Wosanjikiza wosinthika wa graphene umathandizira kusintha kwa voliyumu panthawi yanjinga pomwe amapereka mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuteteza kusungunuka kwa manganese. Njira iyi ikuyimira njira yotakata kwambiri yopangira nanoscale engineering ya zida za cathode.

Mapangidwe a concentration gradient adawonekera ngati njira yodalirika. M'malo mopanga mawonekedwe ofanana pagawo lililonse, zidazi zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuchokera pachimake kupita pamwamba. Kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kumathetsa kusagwirizana kwa mawonekedwe komwe kumayambitsa kusweka muzinthu zosavuta zokutira. Magulu angapo ochita kafukufuku adanenanso kuti kukhazikika kwamphamvu pamagetsi okwera pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ngakhale kuti ntchito zamalonda zimakhalabe zochepa.

Ntchito zophunzirira makina zayamba kukhathamiritsa kaphatikizidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a LMO. Ofufuza anagwiritsa ntchito ma modelo owerengera kuti adziŵe zophatikizira za dopant zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa kamangidwe, kuchepetsa kuyesa-ndi-kuyesa kolakwika komwe kumafunikira popanga zida. Kafukufuku wa 2024 adaneneratu bwino za aluminiyamu yokwanira-nickel co{6}}doping ratios ya{7}}kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zoyeserera zinatsimikizira.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha LMO imapereka zabwino komanso zovuta. Kutulutsa kwa manganese kumafuna mphamvu zochepa-kukonza kwambiri kuposa cobalt kapena faifi tambala, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chinthucho kumachepetsa kupanikizika kwa matupi opangidwa ndi miyala. Komabe, migodi ya manganese imawonongabe chilengedwe chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa nthaka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madzi, ndi kuipitsidwa komwe kungachitike ngati sikuyendetsedwa bwino.

Kuwunika kozungulira kwa moyo kuyerekeza ma chemistries osiyanasiyana a batri ya lithiamu kukuwonetsa kuti LMO imagwira ntchito bwino pamayendedwe a kaboni chifukwa chocheperako pakukonza ndikuchotsa cobalt. Kafukufuku wathunthu wa 2023 wowerengetsera mabatire a LMO amatulutsa mpweya wochepera 15-20% wocheperako panthawi yopanga poyerekeza ndi zofanana ndi NMC pa kWh.

Zokonzanso zobwezeretsanso LMO zilipo mkati mwa makina obwezeretsanso mabatire a lithiamu. Njira za Hydrometallurgical zimatha kuchira manganese, lithiamu, ndi zida zina mwachangu kwambiri. Komabe, mtengo wochepa wa manganese obwezeretsedwa poyerekeza ndi cobalt kapena faifi tambala amachepetsa zolimbikitsa zachuma zobwezeretsanso. Malamulo obwezeretsanso mabatire, monga omwe akukhazikitsidwa ku Europe, athandizira kukonzanso kwa LMO mosasamala kanthu za chuma chenicheni.

-Mapulogalamu achiwiri amapereka njira ina yokhazikika. Mabatire a LMO omwe amawonongeka kupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zosungiramo mphamvu zokhazikika, pomwe kulemera ndi kachulukidwe ka mphamvu zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi magalimoto. Mapulogalamu angapo oyendetsa ndege amabwezeretsanso mabatire agalimoto amagetsi omwe adapuma pantchito omwe ali ndi ma cathode a LMO kuti asungidwe magetsi adzuwa, kukulitsa moyo wofunikira ndikuwongolera chilengedwe chonse.

Nchiyani chimapangitsa mabatire a LMO kukhala otetezeka kuposa mitundu ina ya lithiamu-ion?

Mapangidwe a spinel crystal a LMO amapereka kukhazikika kwachilengedwe komwe kumakana kuthawa kwamafuta. Manganese oxide cathodes amakhalabe okhazikika pakatentha kwambiri kuposa ma cobalt-otengera njira zina, ndipo kusakhalapo kwa cobalt yogwira mwamphamvu kwambiri kumachepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwamphamvu. Mayeso akuwonetsa kuti mabatire a LMO ali ndi 58% kutsika kwachiwopsezo cha kutha kwa kutentha malinga ndi miyezo ya chitetezo cha UL.

Chifukwa chiyani mabatire a LMO amakhala ndi moyo wamfupi kuposa mabatire a LFP?

Kusungunuka kwa manganese mu electrolyte kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono mphamvu ya mabatire a LMO azichepa. Mn²⁺ ma ion amachoka ku cathode, makamaka pa kutentha kokwera, ndikusamukira ku anode komwe amasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a electrode. Mabatire a LFP amapewa izi chifukwa chitsulo cha phosphate chimapanga chokhazikika chomwe sichimasungunuka pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana.

Kodi mabatire a LMO angagwiritsidwe ntchito potentha kwambiri?

Mabatire a LMO amatha kutentha kwambiri kuposa njira zambiri, amagwira ntchito mosatekeseka mpaka madigiri 60 (140 digiri F). Kuzizira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri-monga mabatire onse a lifiyamu-ayoni, LMO imakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako komanso kuchulukira kwamphamvu mkati mwake kuchepera madigiri 0 . Kupsinjika kwamagetsi chifukwa chakuzizira kumakhudzanso LMO mofanana ndi ma chemistry ena.

Kodi LMO ikuyerekeza bwanji ndi LFP yamagalimoto amagetsi?

LMO imapereka ma voliyumu apamwamba (4.0V vs 3.2V) komanso kuperekera mphamvu kwabwinoko kuti ifulumizitse, koma moyo wocheperako komanso kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu. LFP imaposa moyo wautali komanso mtengo wamagalimoto okhazikika-pamagalimoto osiyanasiyana, pomwe LMO-NMC imaphatikizana bwino kuti igwire bwino ntchito-magalimoto oyipa omwe amafunikira magetsi mwachangu. Mayendedwe amsika amawonetsa kuti ma chemistries onse amakhala m'magawo osiyanasiyana agalimoto m'malo mosinthana ndi mnzake.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Kafukufuku wankhaniyi adachokera kuzinthu zingapo zovomerezeka kuphatikiza zofalitsidwa ndi anzawo-zowunikiridwanso mu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Battery & Supercaps, ndi Energy Storage Materials. Zambiri zamsika zidachokera kumakampani owunikira makampani kuphatikiza DataIntelo ndi Fortune Business Insights. Zaukadaulo zomwe zafotokozedwa kuchokera kwa opanga mabatire kuphatikiza NEI Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich, ndi CATL. Deta yoyezetsa chitetezo idachokera ku miyezo ya UL ndikuwunika kofalitsa chitetezo kuchokera ku National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).