Kodi LiFePO4 Cells ndi chiyani?

Ma cell a LiFePO4 ndi ma cell a lithiamu -awo omwe amatha kuchapitsidwanso ndi batri ya ion omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu iron phosphate ngati cathode material ndi graphtic carbon ngati anode. Maselowa amagwira ntchito pa mphamvu yamagetsi ya 3.2V pa selo iliyonse ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma lithiamu-makhemistri ena a ion chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwawo kwa matenthedwe, moyo wotalikirapo, komanso chitetezo chambiri.

Mapangidwe a cell a LiFePO4 amakhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu zomwe zimagwira ntchito limodzi. Cathode imagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu iron phosphate (LiFePO4), chinthu chomwe chimapereka kukhazikika kwapadera panthawi yamalipiro ndi kutulutsa. Anode imakhala ndi graphtic carbon yokhala ndi zitsulo zochirikizidwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti lifiyamu-ayende bwino. Pakati pa maelekitirodi awa pamakhala njira yothetsera mchere wa lithiamu electrolyte yomwe imathandizira kutengerapo kwa ion, yolekanitsidwa ndi nembanemba yomwe imalepheretsa kukhudzana mwachindunji ndikulola kuti ion ikuyenda.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chemistry iyi ikhale yofunika kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya phosphate-oxygen bond. P-Chomangira cha O mu (PO4)3− ion chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri kuposa zomangira zomwe zimapezeka m'mapangidwe akale achitsulo okusayidi. Pakupsinjika kwamafuta kapena kuzunzidwa, kulumikizana kolimba kumeneku kumalepheretsa kutulutsa kwa okosijeni komwe kumayambitsa kuthawa kwamafuta m'mafakitale ena a lithiamu. Zomwe zimakhalapo mwachilengedwe ngati mineral triphylite, ngakhale kupanga malonda kumadalira njira zopangira kuti zigwirizane.

Njira yachitukuko yaukadaulo ya LiFePO4 idakumana ndi vuto lalikulu poyambira: kusayenda bwino kwamagetsi. Ofufuza a ku MIT ndi Hydro-Québec adagonjetsa vutoli kudzera muzinthu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu. Choyamba chinali kuchepetsa kukula kwa tinthu kukhala nanoscale, kukulitsa kwambiri malo opezekapo kuti lifiyamu-agwirizane. Njira yachiwiri idakutira tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timayendetsa zinthu ngati ma carbon nanotubes, ndikupanga njira zama elekitironi muzinthu zonse. Zopambana izi, zomwe zidachitika pakati pa 2002 ndi 2015, zidasintha LiFePO4 kuchoka ku chidwi cha labotale kukhala ukadaulo wochita malonda.

Maselo a LiFePO4 amapereka magawo apadera aukadaulo omwe amatanthauzira envulopu yawo yogwirira ntchito. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya 3.2V pa selo iliyonse imalola ma cell anayi olumikizidwa motsatizana kupanga 12.8V, kufananiza kwambiri ndi 12V lead{{5}acid standard. Mpweya wothamangitsa nthawi zambiri umafika 3.65V, pomwe kutulutsa kotulutsa kumakhala pa 2.5V kuteteza kuwonongeka kwazinthu kosasinthika. Kugwira ntchito pansi pazipatazi kumapangitsa kuti LiFePO4 isokonezeke mu FePO4, kuwononga dongosolo la selo.

Kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kameneka kakuyimira tsatanetsatane wa momwe LiFePO4 imasinthira -zopindulitsa zina. Maselo apano amakwanitsa kufika 90-160 Wh/kg, pomwe CATL inalengeza mu 2024 za ma cell 205 Wh/kg zomwe zikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwatsopano. Izi zikufanizira ndi 250-300 Wh/kg kwa mabatire a NMC ndi 260 Wh/kg kwa ma cell a NCA omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya volumetric kumafika pafupifupi 220 Wh/L. Ngakhale ziwerengerozi zikutsata ma chemistries ena a lithiamu, kusiyana kwachepa kwambiri kuchokera pa 14% yomwe idawoneka mu 2008.

Moyo wapanjinga umakhala wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Zinthu zili bwino, maselo amtundu wa LiFePO4 amathandizira 3,000 mpaka 10,000 -kutulutsa mphamvu zonse zisanatsike kufika 80% yazomwe zimayambira. Opanga ena amati ma cycle 15,000 amatengera{11}m'badwo wina-zosiyanasiyana zakuchulukirachulukira. Izi zimaposa 500-1,000 yozungulira mabatire a NMC ndi 300-500 mabatire anthawi zonse a lead-acid. Mapulogalamu adziko lenileni amatsimikizira ziwerengero za labotale, ndi ma cell omwe amasamaliridwa bwino omwe amapereka ntchito zaka 10+.

Kulekerera kwa kutentha kumawonjezera kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito. Maselo a LiFePO4 amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana -madigiri 20 mpaka 60 digiri (-4 digiri F mpaka 140 digiri F), ndipo amatchajitsidwa pakati pa 0 digirii ndi 45 digiri (32 digiri F mpaka 113 digiri F). Mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri yotsika kutentha kuchokera kwa opanga ngati Grepow amasunga 85% mphamvu pa -20 digiri ndi 55% mphamvu pa -40 digiri, zomwe zimathandizira kutumizidwa kumalo ozizira kwambiri kuphatikiza ntchito zofufuza zankhondo ndi zakumtunda.

Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kumasiyanitsa LiFePO4 ndi makina ena a lithiamu-yoni m'njira zoyezeka. Zinthuzo zimasunga umphumphu pa kutentha pakati pa 350 digiri ndi 500 digiri, kupitirira malire a LiCoO2 ndi manganese spinel cathodes. Akayesedwa kulowa msomali, kuchulukirachulukira, kapena mabwalo amfupi, ma cell a LiFePO4 amakana kuyatsa komwe ma chemistries ena amatha kuthawa kutentha.

Mbiri yachitetezo ichi imachokera ku zomwe zimapangidwira. Panthawi yolipira, palibe plating yachitsulo ya lithiamu yomwe imapezeka pa anode ngakhale pamavuto. Malo okhala ndi mphamvu zonse amakhala ndi lithiamu yotsalira pang'ono mu kathodi-palibe yomwe imatsala mu selo ya LFP yodzaza bwino, poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi 50% mu selo ya LiCoO2. Kusowa kwa lithiamu yogwira ntchito kumachotsa gwero loyamba loyatsira. Kuphatikiza apo, zolimba za P-O zimalepheretsa kutuluka kwa okosijeni pakatentha, kuchotsa okosijeni wofunikira kuti uyake.

Kukhazikika kwazinthu zakuthupi panthawi yakusamuka kwa lithiamu kumawonjezera gawo lina lachitetezo. Pamene ma lithiamu ma ion akuyenda ndi kutuluka panthawi yoyendetsa njinga, LiFePO4 imadutsa kusintha kochepa kwa volumetric. Ma kristalo omwe ali ndi lithiamu ndi delithiated amakhalabe ofanana modabwitsa, kuteteza kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumatha kuwononga ma cell m'mafakitale ena. Maselo a LiCoO2 samakula-osakula pang'onopang'ono akamaphwanyidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zofooka zomwe zimachulukana pakazungulira.

Maselo a LiFePO4 amabwera m'mawonekedwe atatu akuthupi, iliyonse yokonzedwa kuti ikhale yosiyana. Ma cell a Cylindrical-opangidwa mozama ngati 18650, 21700, 26650, ndi 32650-amayimira akale kwambiri komanso okhwima kwambiri. Mawonekedwe a cylindrical amagawira kupanikizika kwamkati mofanana pamtunda, kupititsa patsogolo kutentha kwa kutentha ndi mphamvu zamakina. Zopanga zokha zafika pamlingo wokulirapo, zomwe zikupangitsa kuti ma cellwa awononge ndalama zambiri{13}pamapulogalamu ofunikira mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono. Kusankha kwa Tesla kwa 21700 cylindrical cell kwa Model 3 magalimoto kumatsimikizira mawonekedwe awa kuti agwiritse ntchito magalimoto okwera kwambiri.

Maselo a prismatic amayika ma electrode munyumba yolimba yamakona anayi, nthawi zambiri aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo. Fomu iyi imakulitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa danga mu mapaketi a batri, monga mawonekedwe a rectangular tessellate popanda mipata. Maselo a prismatic nthawi zambiri amachokera ku 30Ah mpaka 300Ah mphamvu pagawo lililonse, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma cell ndi zovuta za BMS pakuyika kwakukulu. Chophimba cholimba chimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri komanso kutaya kutentha. Opanga akuluakulu kuphatikiza CATL, EVE, ndi GOTION amapanga ma cell a LiFePO4 a magalimoto amagetsi ndi makina osungira ma gridi, pomwe mawonekedwe ake ndi omwe amayang'anira ntchito-zokhazikitsa.

Ma cell a mthumba amatchinga staki ya ma elekitirodi mu aluminiyamu yosinthika-pulasitiki ya laminate. Kapangidwe kameneka kamachotsa nyumba zolimba zachitsulo, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa pafupifupi 30% poyerekeza ndi ma cell a prismatic omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana. Mawonekedwe osinthika amalola mawonekedwe okhazikika omwe amayikidwa m'malo osakhazikika, makamaka pamagetsi ogula ndi zida zonyamulika. Komabe, kunja kofewa kumapereka chitetezo chochepa cha makina ndipo kumapangitsa kuti maselo azitha kutupa panthawi ya ukalamba. Ma cell a thumba amafunikira thandizo lakunja pamapangidwe a batri.

Msika wa batri wa LiFePO4 wakula kwambiri, msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wamtengo wapatali $17.1 biliyoni mu 2024 ndipo ukuyembekezeka kufika $72.8-84.2 biliyoni pofika 2034-2035, kuyimira kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa 15.7-17.3%. Kukula uku kukuwonetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwamagalimoto amagetsi, makina osungira mphamvu, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale.

Makampani opanga zinthu ku China pakadali pano ali pafupi ndi-ulamuliro wokhazikika wa kuchuluka kwa LFP kupanga. Pofika chaka cha 2021, makampani aku China-atulutsa pafupifupi 90% ya ufa wa LFP padziko lonse lapansi. Makampani ngati Shenzhen Dynanonic adakulitsa kuchuluka kwa LFP pachaka kuchoka pa matani 500 mpaka matani 265,000 pazaka khumi. CATL, BYD, GOTION, ndi ena opanga mabatire aku China akhazikitsa malo apamwamba amsika, Tesla ndi BYD okha omwe amawerengera 68% ya mabatire a LFP omwe adatumizidwa mu EVs kuyambira Seputembala 2022.

Mitengo yama cell yatsika kwambiri, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale mpikisano pazachuma. Mitengo ya cell ya LFP yotsika kwambiri yatsika kuchoka pa $137/kWh mu 2020 kufika pa avareji ya $100/kWh mu 2023. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2024, ma VDA-ma cell a LFP akulukulu a VDA anafika pansi pa $70/kWh ku China, pomwe opanga ma automaker ena adanenanso kuti mitengo yogula idatsika mpaka $56/kWh. Pakati-2024 mapaketi a batri ophatikizidwa amagulitsidwa kwa ogula aku US pafupifupi $115/kWh. Zoyerekeza zamakampani zikuwonetsa kuti zitha kutsika mpaka $44/kWh monga masikelo opanga ndi zoletsa patent-zomwe zidayamba kutha mu 2022 kupanga kotseguka kwa opanga ambiri.

Mapangidwe amtengo amakomera LFP pamitengo yonse yowerengera umwini. Kafukufuku wa 2020 wa Department of Energy anapeza kuti pa-kWh mitengo ya LFP{{3}makasitomala otengera mphamvu zosungira mphamvu inatsika pafupifupi 6% kuposa makina a NMC, pomwe amayembekezera 67% nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito chifukwa cha kulimba kwanthawi yayitali. Kuphatikizika kwamitengo yotsika yakutsogoloku komanso moyo wotalikirapo wautumiki umachulukirachulukira pakugula zisankho za LFP chemistry yamagwiritsidwe osakhazikika.

Kutengera magalimoto amagetsi kumayendetsa gawo lalikulu kwambiri la kufunikira kwa cell ya LiFePO4. Tesla inasintha-magalimoto onse amtundu wa Model 3 ndi Model Y opangidwa pambuyo pa Okutobala 2021 kupita ku mabatire a LFP, kutchula ubwino wake ndi kukhudzika kwa chain. BYD imapanga mzere wake wonse wa EV pa chemistry ya LFP. Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu poyerekeza ndi mabatire a NMC kumafunikira mapaketi okulirapo pang'ono kuti akhale ofanana, koma chiwongolero cholemera chimakhala chovomerezeka m'magalimoto momwe chitetezo, mtengo, ndi moyo wautali zimatsogola kuposa kupindula kwapang'onopang'ono. Kusanthula kwa msika kukuwonetsa kuti LFP idaposa mabatire amtundu wa ternary mu 2021 ndi 52% ya mphamvu zoyika za EV, ndikuyerekeza kuti gawo la LFP lipitilira 60% pofika 2025.

Makina osungira mphamvu akuyimira gawo lachiwiri lalikulu la ntchito. Kukhazikitsa kwanyumba kuchokera kumakampani monga Enphase, SonnenBatterie, ndi Tesla (Powerwall 3, yotulutsidwa 2023) amagwiritsa ntchito chemistry ya LFP pamagetsi osungira kunyumba ndi kuphatikiza kwa dzuwa. Kulekerera kwakukulu kwa ma cell kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwachindunji ndi mapanelo adzuwa popanda zowongolera zovuta, kumathandizira kamangidwe kake. Zothandizira-zoikamo zimapindula ndi moyo wautali wa LFP-ofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ma gridi omwe amatha kuzungulira kangapo tsiku lililonse. Tesla inasintha zofunikira zake-mabatire a Megapack kukhala chemistry ya LFP mu 2021.

Magalimoto apanyanja ndi osangalalira amapindula kwambiri ndi kulemera kwa LFP ndikukonza-ntchito yaulere. A36 volt lithiamu ion batrikasinthidwe, kamene kamamangidwa kuchokera ku maselo khumi ndi awiri a LiFePO4 mndandanda (12 × 3.2V=38.4V mwadzina), wakhala muyezo wamagetsi opondaponda ndi ngolo za gofu. Makinawa amalemera pafupifupi -magawo atatu a mabatire ofanana ndi lead-asidi pamene akupereka 4,000+ moyo wozungulira komanso kuya 100%{10}kwa{11}}kutha kutulutsa. Kukonzekera kwa 36V kumapereka mphamvu zokwanira zoyendetsa panyanja ndi ngolo zoyendetsa gofu kwinaku ndikusunga ma voltage ndi owongolera omwe alipo.

Zipangizo zamafakitale kuphatikiza ma forklift, ma AGV (magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi makina), ndi makina otsuka malonda akuchulukirachulukira mabatire a LFP. Kuthamanga-kutha kwachaji (chachangidwe chonse m'maola 1.5 pamlingo wa 1C) kumachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Kuthamanga kwambiri-kupitilira 1C mpaka 3C kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma cell, kugunda kwa mtima kumafika 10C-kumapereka kuphulika kwamagetsi kofunikira kuti muthamangitse komanso kukwera. Kulekerera kwa mabatire pakangotsala pang'ono-kutha{12}}kutha kugwira ntchito kumachotsa "memory effect" yomwe imawononga umisiri wakale wa batire.

LiFePO4 cells

Maselo a LiFePO4 amagulitsidwa m'makalasi apamwamba omwe amakhudza kwambiri ntchito ndi moyo wautali. Maselo a Sitandade A amayimira-kupangidwa kwa tier komwe kumakhala ndi mphamvu zofananira mkati mwa 2%, kupirira kwamkati kuchepera 0.3 mΩ, ndi moyo wozungulira wopitilira 3,000-6,000 kuzama kwa 100%. Maselo awa amayesedwa molimbika kuphatikiza kutsimikizira mphamvu, kuyeza kukana kwamkati, ndi kuwunika kosasinthasintha kwamagetsi. Kufanana kwa batch kumapangitsa kusanjika kosavuta kwa paketi ndikuwonongeka kodziwikiratu.

Maselo a Gulu B amawonetsa zopatuka zazing'ono kuchokera pamatchulidwe apamwamba. Kuthekera kutha kutsika ndi 3-5% pansi pamlingo, kukana kwamkati kumakwera pang'ono, ndipo ziyembekezo za moyo wanthawi zonse zimatsika mpaka 2,000-3,000. Ma cellwa amatsimikizira kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe sizimafunikira kwenikweni pomwe kuchita bwino komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali sizofunikira. Kupulumutsa mtengo kwa 20-30% poyerekeza ndi Giredi A kumapangitsa kuti akhale okongola pama projekiti omwe amaganizira za bajeti.

Maselo a Sitandade C akuyimira kupanga komwe sikunafikire-magiredi apamwamba. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu kumatha kupitilira 5%, kukana kwamkati kumatha kukwezedwa kwambiri, ndipo zolosera zamoyo zozungulira zimatsikira pansi pa 2,000. Kusafanana kwamagulu kumabweretsa zovuta zofananira m'mapaketi ambiri-maselo. Ngakhale akugwira ntchito, ma cellwa amangogwira ntchito zokhala ndi zofunikira zochepa komanso pomwe kusinthidwa koyambirira ndikovomerezeka.

Pofufuza ma cell, ogulitsa odalirika amapereka malipoti a mayeso a fakitale omwe amalemba kuchuluka kwake, kukana kwamkati, mphamvu yamagetsi, ndi zotsatira zoyesa kuzungulira. Zitsimikizo zochokera ku ISO, CE, UL, ndi UN38.3 zikuwonetsa kutsata miyezo yapadziko lonse yachitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Maselo otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda zolemba ndi ziphaso, zomwe zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kulephera msanga kapena zovuta zachitetezo.

Maselo a LiFePO4 amafunikira ma protocol apadera kuti achulukitse moyo wautali ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo. Njira yanthawi zonse-constant voltage (CC-CV) imayamba ndi kutchaji pa 0.5C (theka la ma cell amp-chiwerengero cha ola) mpaka kufika pa 3.65V pa selo iliyonse. Chojambuliracho chimasunga magetsi awa pomwe pano chikukwera pang'onopang'ono kufika pa 0.05C, kusonyeza kudzaza kwathunthu. Nthawi yolipira yonse imayenda pafupifupi maola atatu pamlingo wa 0.5C. Ma protocol ochapira mwachangu amatha kumaliza ntchitoyi m'maola 1.5 pogwiritsa ntchito 1C current, ngakhale kuti izi zimafulumizitsa pang'ono-kuwonongeka kwanthawi yayitali.

Kuwunika kwa kutentha panthawi yolipiritsa kumatsimikiziranso kuti ndizofunikira. Maselo ambiri amatchula kuchuluka kwa 0-45℃charging, ndi kulipiritsa pansi pa 0 digiri kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa lithiamu plating. Makina oyang'anira mabatire apamwamba amaphatikiza zowonera kutentha zomwe zimayimitsa kuyitanitsa kunja kwa malo otetezeka kapena, potengera batire yotenthedwa, ma cell ofunda asanalole kuti kulipiritsa pakali pano. Kutentha kwa kutentha kumakulirakulira, nthawi zambiri -20 mpaka 60 digiri, ngakhale mphamvu imachepa kwakanthawi pakutentha kwambiri.

Ma Battery Management Systems (BMS) amagwira ntchito zofunika zotetezera mu ntchito za LiFePO4. BMS imayang'anira mphamvu yamagetsi ya selo iliyonse, kuletsa kuchulukirachulukira kupitirira 3.65V ndi kupitirira-kutuluka pansi pa 2.5V-zonse zomwe zimawonongeratu ma cell. Kuchepetsa komwe kulipo kumalepheretsa kuchulukitsitsa kwa cell komwe kumatulutsa, pomwe kutsika kwa kutentha kumateteza kuzinthu zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha. Mumachunidwe angapo a-maselo, BMS imachita kusanjikiza ma cell, kuwonetsetsa kuti ma cell onse amafika pamtundu wofanana wa charger ngakhale akusiyana pang'ono.

Chiwonetsero chambiri chimakhala ndi zovuta zapadera ndi chemistry ya LFP. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya lifiyamu-yomwe imatsika mphamvu yamagetsi molingana ndi kutuluka, LiFePO4 imakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri pamlingo wa 20-90% wa SOC. Kuyerekeza kwa Voltage{{7}kutengera SOC kwakhala kosadalirika m'derali. Kukhazikitsa kwapamwamba kwa BMS kumagwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe a coulomb{8}}kutsata amp-maola mkati ndi kunja-kuphatikiza ndi ma calibration anthawi ndi nthawi kuti asunge zowerengera zolondola za SOC.

LiFePO4 cells

Mabatire a Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) amapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo, nthawi zambiri 150-200 Wh/kg, kupangitsa mapaketi opepuka a batire kuti azitha kutengera mphamvu zofanana. Ubwinowu ndi wofunika kwambiri pamagalimoto apamlengalenga komanso magalimoto amagetsi pomwe kilogalamu iliyonse imakhudza kusiyanasiyana komanso kuthamanga. Komabe, mabatire a NMC amawononga ndalama zambiri, amazungulira maulendo ochepa (1,000-2,000 cycle), ndipo amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuthawa kwa kutentha. Chemistry imafuna faifi tambala ndi cobalt, zonse zimatengera zopinga komanso zovuta zopeza bwino.

Mabatire a lithiamu nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) amakankhira kachulukidwe kamphamvu kwambiri, kufika pa 250-300 Wh/kg m'maselo oyamba. Tesla m'mbiri yakale amagwiritsa ntchito ma cell a Panasonic NCA pamagalimoto ake. Chemistry imapereka kachulukidwe kabwino kamphamvu kuti ifulumire mwachangu koma imagawana malire a NMC okhudzana ndi moyo wozungulira komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta. Ndalama zopangira zimaposa LFP kwambiri.

Mabatire a lead{{0}acid amakhalabe ofala m'mapulogalamu oyika mtengo woyamba kuposa china chilichonse. Pa $100-150/kWh pa batire yonse, lead-acid imapambana mitengo yam'tsogolo ya LFP. Komabe, kuyerekezerako kumasiyana pamtengo wathunthu wa umwini. Asidi ya lead{{10}imangotulutsa 300-500 mozungulira 50% mozama, imafunika kukonzedwa nthawi zonse, ndipo imalemera 3-4 kuchulukitsa{15}}kuchuluka kwa LFP. Kusintha kwa zaka zisanu kwa lead-acid motsutsana ndi 10+ zaka za LFP kumasintha mtengo wake pakuwunika kulikonse kwazaka zambiri.

Mabatire olimba-amayimira njira ina yomwe ikubwera pakadutsa zaka zambiri kuchokera kumakampani opanga malonda. Mabatirewa amalonjeza kachulukidwe kamphamvu komanso chitetezo chokwanira posintha ma electrolyte amadzimadzi ndi zida zolimba za ceramic kapena polima. Komabe, zovuta zopanga zinthu, kukwera mtengo, ndi kudalirika kosatsimikizika kwanthawi yayitali-zimakhala zolimba{4}}zopangapanga zamakono mu gawo lachitukuko kuyambira 2024.

Kukonzekera koyenera kwa dongosolo la LiFePO4 kumafuna chidwi ndi kasinthidwe ka magetsi ndi zofunikira za mphamvu. Maulumikizidwe a Series amachulukitsa voteji (ma cell anayi a 3.2V amapereka 12.8V), pomwe kulumikizana kofananira kumawonjezera mphamvu (ma cell awiri a 100Ah mofananira amapereka 200Ah). Komabe, kusakaniza ma cell kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, masiku ogula, kapenanso magulu opanga kumapangitsa kusalinganika komwe kumathandizira kuwonongeka. Kuchita bwino kumatanthawuza ma cell omwe amagulidwa nthawi imodzi pa paketi iliyonse ya batri.

Kuyika kwakuthupi kuyenera kulolera kuwongolera kutentha ndikulola kukulitsa pang'ono panthawi yogwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti LiFePO4 imakhala ndi kutupa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi ma chemistry ena, maselo amakulabe pang'ono ndi kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kukalamba. Kulimba kolimba komwe kumalepheretsa kukula uku kumapangitsa kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumabweretsa kulephera msanga. Makina okwera ayenera kukhala otetezeka pomwe amalola kusintha pang'ono.

Kuwongolera kwamafuta kumayambira kungokhala chete mpaka kuzizirira kokhazikika kutengera zomwe pulogalamuyo ikufuna. Kuyika kosakhazikika nthawi zambiri kumadalira kuwongolera kwachilengedwe komanso kuwongolera kutentha kwapakati. -Mapulogalamu apano monga magalimoto amagetsi amafunikira kuziziritsa, makamaka mpweya kapena makina amadzimadzi omwe amasunga ma cell mkati mwa kutentha koyenera 20-30 degrees. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nyengo yozizira ingafunike zinthu zotenthetsera kuti zibweretse ma cell m'malo otetezedwa otenthetsera asanalandire chaji.

Malo omwe alipo kale a lead-otchaja asidi akufunika kusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi LiFePO4. Ma charger achikale a lead-acid opangidwira 14.4V final voltage azingowonjezera pang'ono banki ya 12V LFP, kuima pafupifupi 50-60% ya charger. Cholinga-machaja omanga a LiFePO4 amayang'ana 14.4-14.6V (ma cell 4 × 3.6V) kuti azilipiritsa. Kusowa kwa zoyandama kumapangitsa kuti LFP ikhale yosavuta - ikangolipitsidwa, mabatire amatha kukhala kosatha popanda kutsika, popeza mitengo yamadzimadzi imatsika pansi pa 3% pamwezi.

chemistry ya LiFePO4 imapewa zovuta zamakhalidwe komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi migodi ya cobalt ndi nickel. Kutulutsa kobalt ku Democratic Republic of Congo kumakhudza{2}}zolembedwa zophwanya ufulu wa anthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ana. Migodi ya nickel imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa michira ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo. Mabatire a LFP amathetsa nkhawa zonsezi, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chochuluka komanso chogawidwa m'malo ndi phosphate feedstocks.

Ma cell a LiFePO4 omwe amapanga kaboni amakhala otsika kuposa njira zina za NMC ndi NCA. Kukonza kosavuta kwa zida zopangira komanso kutsika kwa mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi yopanga kumachepetsa mpweya wamkati. Kuwunika kwa moyo wonse kuyerekeza ma batri opangira ma batri anapeza kuti mabatire a LFP amapanga pafupifupi 15% kuchepera CO2 ofanana panthawi yopanga kuposa mabatire a NMC ofanana nawo.

Mapeto-a-kubwezeretsanso moyo amabweretsa mwayi ndi zovuta. Kusowa kwa cobalt ndi faifi tambala kumachepetsa chilimbikitso pazachuma chobwezeretsanso, popeza zida zobwezedwa zili ndi mtengo wotsika wamsika. Komabe, lithiamu ndi chitsulo zonse zimayenera kuchira chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Njira zobwezeretsanso zomwe zikubwera zitha kubwezeretsanso 95%+ yazinthu kuchokera ku maselo a LiFePO4 kudzera mu njira za hydrometallurgical kapena mwachindunji zobwezeretsanso. Yachiwiri-mapulogalamu amoyo amapereka njira inanso, pomwe ma cell omwe adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito ma EV ndi 70-80% amatha kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano pamalo osungira osasunthika pomwe kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumakhala kocheperako.

Moyo wotalikirapo wa mabatire a LFP mwachilengedwe umapangitsa ma metric okhazikika. Batire yomwe imatenga zaka 10 pa mikombero 6,000 kuyerekeza ndi zaka 3 pa 1,000 cycles imatanthauza kuchepeka kwa kupanga, kuchepetsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, ndi kutaya zinyalala zochepa pa kilowatt{7}}ola lililonse la mphamvu. Ubwino wa moyo wautaliwu ukhoza kuyimira LiFePO4 yofunika kwambiri pazachilengedwe.

LiFePO4 cells

Kulengeza kwa CATL mu 2024 kwa ma cell 205 Wh/kg a LiFePO4 ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri cha kachulukidwe kamphamvu, kutseka kusiyana ndi ma chemistry opikisana popanda kupereka moyo wozungulira kapena chitetezo. Kampaniyo idakwaniritsa izi kudzera mu kukhathamiritsa kwa ma elekitirodi komanso uinjiniya wa tinthu tating'ono, ndikusunga ndalama zopangira zomwe zidalipo kale. Ngati atsimikiziridwa pakupanga malonda, ma cellwa amapangitsa LFP kukhala yogwira ntchito pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira njira zina zowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kuchapira-kwachangu kumathetsa chimodzi mwazoletsa za LFP. Battery ya CATL ya Shenxing, yomwe idavumbulutsidwa mu 2023 ndi kupanga kwakukulu kokonzekera kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2024, imapereka 400 km (248 miles) kuchokera pamtengo wa mphindi 10. Kukwaniritsa izi kunafunikira kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe ka electrode, kapangidwe ka electrolyte, ndi kasamalidwe kamafuta. Kuthamanga kotereku kumayandikira nthawi yowonjezeretsa magalimoto wamba, ndikuchotsa chotchinga chachikulu pakutengera EV.

Kuwongolera{0}}kutsika kwa kutentha kumakulitsa envulopu ya LFP. Mapangidwe apadera ochokera kwa opanga monga Grepow amasunga 85% mphamvu pa -madigiri 20 ndipo amagwira ntchito pa -madigiri 45 . Maselo ozizira ozizirawa amathandizira kutumizidwa kwa LiFePO4 m'malo osayenera kale, kutsegula misika kumadera akumpoto ndi ntchito zapamwamba. Ukadaulo umapindulitsa makamaka zida zankhondo, machitidwe apamlengalenga, ndi kafukufuku wasayansi m'magawo a polar.

Selo-kuti-pake ndi ma cell-ku{3}}zopanga zatsopano za chassis zimachotsa mulingo wanthawi zonse, kuphatikiza ma cell muzinthu zina. Mapangidwe a Battery a Blade a BYD amakonza ma cell a prismatic ngati zinthu zomangika, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya volumetric ndi 50% ndikupangitsa kuphatikiza. Paketi ya batri ya Tesla m'magalimoto a 4680-cell imakwaniritsanso kuphatikiza komweko. Kupititsa patsogolo kamangidwe kameneka kakubwezera pang'ono kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu za LFP pogwiritsa ntchito malo abwino.

Maselo a LiFePO4 nthawi zambiri amabweretsa 3,000{7}}6,000 zozungulira zonse asanakwanitse 80% kusunga mphamvu, kumasulira kwa zaka 10+ m'mapulogalamu ambiri. Utali weniweni wa moyo umadalira kwambiri kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake-kupalasa njinga mozama (20-80% SOC range) kungatalikitse moyo mpaka 10,{10}} ma cycle, pamene kuthira madzi akuya ku cutoff voltage kumathandizira kukalamba. Kuwongolera kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri moyo wautali, ma cell omwe amagwira ntchito mu 20-30 digiri yozungulira amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa omwe amakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri. Kutetezedwa koyenera kwa BMS motsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwamagetsi, kutsika kwamagetsi, komanso kupitilira apo kumatsimikizira kuti ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi moyo wozungulira.

Kusakaniza maselo ochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, magulu opanga, kapena masiku ogula kumabweretsa kudalirika komanso kuopsa kwachitetezo. Maselo amasiyana pang'ono mu mphamvu, mphamvu ya mkati, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ngakhale pamene adavotera mofanana. Kusiyanasiyanaku kumapangitsa kuti ma cell azitchaji mosakanizika, pomwe ma cell ena amafika pakuchaji kwambiri, ena amayamba kuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zimachititsa kuti -maselo ena azikhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira -kuchajisa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusalinganika uku kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofooka kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse kulephera kwadongosolo. Kuchita bwino kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ma cell ofananira omwe agulidwa nthawi imodzi pa paketi iliyonse ya batri, kuwonetsetsa kuti imagwira ntchito moyenera komanso moyo wautali.

Ma Battery Management Systems amateteza maselo a LiFePO4 kuzinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kosatha kapena zoopsa zachitetezo. BMS imalepheretsa kulipira pamwamba pa 3.65V pa selo, zomwe zimayambitsa lithiamu plating ndikufulumizitsa ukalamba. Imatchinga kutulutsa pansi pa 2.5V, ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwazinthu kosasinthika. Kuchepetsa kwapano kumasunga kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa mkati mwama cell, kupewa kupsinjika kwamafuta. M'mapaketi ambiri-maselo, BMS imagwira ntchito moyenera kuti ifanane ndi ma voltages a ma cell ngakhale amasiyana pang'ono. Kuwunika kwa kutentha kumalepheretsa kulipira pansi pa digirii 0 ndikutseka dongosolo ngati ma cell atenthedwa. Popanda chitetezo cha BMS, mabatire a LiFePO4 amavutika ndi moyo wocheperako komanso mitundu ingapo yolephera.

LiFePO4 imapambana pamapulogalamu oyika patsogolo chitetezo, moyo wautali, komanso mtengo wokwanira wa umwini kuposa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Makina osungira mphamvu, okhalamo komanso zothandiza-amapindula ndi moyo wautali wa LFP komanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Ntchito zam'madzi zimalemekeza mbiri yachitetezo komanso kulolerana ndi malo ovuta. Magalimoto a gofu, ma forklift, ndi zida zamafakitale zimathandizira pakulipira mwachangu komanso kutulutsa kozama. Magalimoto amagetsi pagawo lazachuma akuchulukirachulukira kutengera LFP pazabwino zamtengo wapatali, kuvomereza zilango zolemera pang'ono. -Ma EV akugwira ntchito kwambiri, zogwiritsa ntchito mumlengalenga, ndi zamagetsi zam'manja zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulemera kwamphamvu kumapitilirabe kupitilira-mphamvu-kachulukidwe a NMC kapena NCA chemistry ngakhale kuti moyo wawo ndi waufupi komanso mtengo wake wokwera.

Kumvetsetsa ma cell a LiFePO4 kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira malonda ofunikira a chemistry-kuchotsera-kusiya kuchulukira mphamvu kwamphamvu kuti akhale otetezeka kwambiri, kukhala ndi moyo wautali, komanso chuma chokongola. Tekinolojeyi ikupitabe patsogolo kudzera mu kafukufuku wama electrode optimization, ma electrolyte formulations, ndi njira zopangira. Kukula kwa msika kukukomera LFP popeza kutha kwa ma patent kumathandizira kupanga zinthu zambiri, kukweza zinthu kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za EV, komanso -mtengo-wa-kuwerengera umwini kumawonetsa-zofunika kwanthawi yayitali. Kwa mapulogalamu omwe batire imagwira ntchito kwa zaka khumi m'malo mosinthidwa zaka zingapo zilizonse, maselo a LiFePO4 amapereka zabwino zomwe zimafotokozera zomwe amapeza pamsika mwachangu m'magawo osungiramo mphamvu, mayendedwe, ndi mafakitale.