Lithium-Ion Traction Battery Pack Service Life

Mwezi watha tidagwetsa paketi ya 48V 400Ah forklift yobwera kuchokera kumalo opangira zinthu ku Netherlands. Makasitomala adadandaula kuti adamwalira pamipikisano 1,400. Kuyesa kwa labu kunawonetsa ma cell atatu mu module 2 atakhala pa 2.6V pomwe oyandikana nawo adagwira 3.2V. Kusiyana kwa 600mV kunalibe pamene paketiyo inkatumizidwa{11}marekodi athu a QC adawonetsa kusiyana kwa 8mV potumiza. Penapake pakati pa Rotterdam ndi miyezi 14 ya-ntchito yosinthira, china chake sichinayende bwino.

Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe mapepala amasonyezera. Ndipo m'pofunika kumvetsa chifukwa chake.

Vuto la 80% Kwambiri

IEC 62620 imatanthawuza kutha-kwa-moyo wa mabatire a lifiyamu a mafakitale monga pamene mphamvu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito imatsikira pansi pa 80% ya mphamvu yovotera. Zosavuta mokwanira. Phukusi la 400Ah "likufa" pa 320Ah. Zambiri zokhuza kugula zimatengera tanthauzoli liwu ndi liwu.

Koma izi ndi zomwe IEC 62620 sikukuwuzani: gawolo lidakhazikitsidwa kuti lizigwirizana ndi ma labotale. Kutentha koyendetsedwa. Mitengo yokhazikika. Mbiri zofanana zotulutsa zimabwerezedwa kambirimbiri. Palibe amene amagwiritsa ntchito ma forklift m'chipinda chanyengo pa madigiri 25 ndi 0.5C kutulutsa kosalekeza.

Zomwe Zimapha Zimayamba Mosakhalitsa

Mlandu waku Netherlands udaloza mwachindunji pakukulitsa kusagwirizana kwa ma cell. Tawona ndondomekoyi nthawi zokwanira kuti tidziwe kuti sichachisawawa.

Phukusi lililonse limayenda mosiyanasiyana pakati pa ma cell. Zololera zopanga zilipo. Kukhuthala kwa ma elekitirodi kumasiyanasiyana ma micron kupita ku ma micron pamzere wopanga. Ma voliyumu odzaza ma electrolyte sali ofanana. Kusiyanaku kuli kochepa-mwina ±1.5% kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mu batchi yoyendetsedwa molimba, ±4% kapena kuipitsitsa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa batire la lithiamu omwe amadula ngodya pakuwunika komwe kukubwera.

Mu mndandanda wa zingwe, selo lofooka kwambiri limayika mayendedwe. Kutulutsa kumayima pamene seloyo igunda mphamvu yamagetsi, mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu yotsalira m'maselo amphamvu. Kuchapira kumatha pamene selo lamphamvu kwambiri ladzaza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo ofooka atseke pang'ono.

Maselo ofooka amayenda mozama kwambiri potengera mphamvu yake. Kupalasa njinga mozama kumathandizira kukula kwa SEI pa graphite anode{{1}mawonekedwe olimba a electrolyte omwe amapangika mwachilengedwe pakagwira ntchito koma amakhuthala mwachangu akapanikizika. Kuzungulira kulikonse, kusiyana kumakula. Selo lofooka limakhala lofooka. Kuchuluka kwa paketi kumatsata wochita zoyipa kwambiri, zomwe zikucheperachepera kuposa momwe zimakhalira.

Gulu la data la 2023 lofalitsidwa ndi ofufuza achikulire a lithiamu-maselo a ion pansi pa zochitika zenizeni za forklift zinasonyeza ndendende njira imeneyi. Maselo oyesedwa pa digiri ya 45 amacheperachepera kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa omwe ali ndi digiri ya 35 pamiyeso yofanana ya ntchito. Kutentha kwapakati pa paketi-yomwe imakhalapo kutengera malo, kayendedwe ka mpweya, ndi kuyandikira kwa zamagetsi zoyendetsa galimoto{7}}zimapangitsanso chimodzimodzi: kukalamba kosafanana, kufulumira kusinthasintha.

Kutentha Sikuti Ndi Mzere Wodziwika

Makampani a forklift amakonda kunena za kutentha kwa ntchito. "Imagwira ntchito kuchokera -20 digiri mpaka 60 digiri." Zachidziwikire, paketiyo idzagwira ntchito mwaukadaulo kufalikira konseko. Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "zogwira ntchito" ndi "zokhalitsa."

Ubale wa Arrhenius umayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, ndipo kukula kwa SEI ndi njira yama mankhwala. Pa digirii iliyonse ya 10 pamwamba pa 25 digiri, njira zochepetsera zimakhala zowirikiza kawiri liwiro. Phukusi lomwe likuyenda pa madigiri 35 kutentha kwapakati pazaka pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa lomwe limasungidwa pa digirii 25. Kanikizani mpaka 45 digiri -zodziwika bwino m'nyumba zosungiramo zotentha kapena m'matumba ofinyidwa m'zipinda zothina zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino-ndipo mukuwona kukalamba kopitilira 4x.

Malo ozizira amabweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana. Pansi pa madigiri 10, chiwopsezo cha lithiamu plating chimawonjezeka pakulipiritsa. Lithiamu imayika pamwamba pa anode m'malo molumikizana bwino mu graphite. Uku ndikutaya mphamvu kosasinthika komanso vuto lomwe lingachitike ngati plating itachuluka.

Tidayamba kupangira matenthedwe achangu-kuzizira kwa mafani, palibe chachilendo{1}}kwa makasitomala aku Southeast Asian misika ataona mapaketi osasinthika m'mapaketi omwe abwezedwa. Kukweza kozizira kwa $ 300 kumakulitsa moyo wozungulira ndi ma 800-1,200 mozungulira kutengera komwe kuli. Kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe likuyenda mozungulira 400+ pachaka, ndizo 2-3 zaka zowonjezera zantchito.

Zomwe BMS Ingathe Ndipo Sizingakonze

Makina oyang'anira mabatire amawunika mphamvu yamagetsi, kutentha, ndi magetsi. Zabwino zimalinganiza ma cell panthawi yolipira. Koma BMS singathe kukonza zosagwirizana{2}}imatha kungobisa zizindikiro kwakanthawi.

Kusanja kumatulutsa magazi ochulukirapo kuchokera ku ma cell apamwamba kudzera pa resistors. Ma bancing shuffles amayendetsa bwino pakati pa ma cell. Njira ziwirizi zimafanana ndi magetsi kumapeto kwa mtengo. Palibe chomwe chimathetsa vuto lalikulu: ngati selo limodzi limakhala ndi 380Ah pomwe oyandikana nawo akugwira 400Ah, kusanja kumatsimikizira kuti afika pamagetsi omwewo, koma selo la 380Ah limaletsabe kutulutsa mphamvu.

Kuwongolera kwenikweni kumachitika m'mwamba{{0}kusankha ma cell, kusanja, ndi kufananitsa zinthu zisanachitike. Kuyendera komwe kukubwera kwa Polinovel kumayang'ana ± 5mV kusinthika kwamagetsi ndi ± 1.5% mphamvu yofananira pama cell omwe amapangidwira paketi yomweyo. Kugonjetsa kulolerana kumeneku kumawononga nthawi ndi ndalama. Kusawagunda kumawononga makasitomala moyo wozungulira.

Zizoloŵezi Zolipiritsa Ndi Zofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Mtengo Wolipiritsa

Othandizira akuda nkhawa ndi kuthamangitsa mabatire owonongeka. Pazifukwa-titi, 0.3C mpaka 1C ya LFP chemistry-chiwongola dzanja chili ndi mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina.

Chofunikira kwambiri: voteji ya cutoff ndi kuya kwa kutulutsa.

Kafukufuku wa ma cell a lithiamu cobalt oxide adawonetsa kuti kuchepetsa kutsika kwa magetsi ndi 100mV-kungolandira kuchepera pang'ono kukwanira mtengo uliwonse-nthawi yayitali ya moyo 2-3x. Chemistry ya LFP ndi yokhululuka kwambiri, koma mfundo imagwira. Mabatire opanikizidwa ku malire awo amakalamba mwachangu kuposa omwe amayendetsedwa ndi malire.

Kuzama kwa kutulutsa kumatsata ndondomeko yomweyo. Phukusi lomwe lazunguliridwa pakati pa 20-80% SOC lipitilira paketi yofananira yozungulira 0-100% pafupifupi 3-5x kutengera chemistry ndi kutentha. Ogwiritsa ntchito zombo omwe amatha kukulitsa mapaketi okhala ndi buffer yokwanira-m'malo mowathamangitsa kuti achotse zosintha zilizonse - amawona magwiridwe antchito amoyo wonse.

Izi sizongoyerekeza. Ikuwoneka mu data yathu ya chitsimikizo. Makasitomala omwe amayendetsa pang'onopang'ono pa nyengo-zigawo zoyendetsedwa bwino amalandira maulendo atatu,{4}} pafupipafupi. Makasitomala omwe akuzungulira mozama m'malo otentha amatha kuwona 1,500. Maselo omwewo, BMS yemweyo, chemistry yofanana{8}}machitidwe osiyanasiyana, zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri.

Pack Architecture Trade-zochotsera

Zambiri zamafakitale traction pack zimagwiritsa ntchito mindandanda yosakanikirana{0}}yofanana. Dongosolo lodziwika bwino la 48V 400Ah litha kuyendetsa 4P16S-ma cell anayi molumikizana kupanga gulu, magulu khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi motsatizana. Gulu lofanana limapereka kugawana komwe kulipo komanso kulolerana zolakwa. Kulumikizana kwa Series kumapanga ma voltage.

Ziwerengero zazikulu zofananira zimapereka kupirira. Kulephera kwa selo limodzi mu gulu la 4P kumachepetsa mphamvu ya gulu ndi 25% koma kumapangitsa kuti paketiyo ikhale ikuyenda. Kulephera komweku mu kasinthidwe ka 2P kumachepetsa gululo. Pazida zomwe nthawi yosakonzekera imawononga $ 200-400 / ola, kuchotsedwako kumafunika.

Mbali yakutsogolo: kuchuluka kofananira kumatha kubisa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika nthawi yayitali. Maselo ofooka omwe amagawana pano ndi anansi atatu athanzi amakoka pang'ono kuchokera padziwe wamba, zomwe zingachedwetse kuzindikira mpaka ma cell angapo awonongeka kwambiri.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuwunika kwa cell-kudzera mu BMS{1}osati gawo chabe-level-kumakhala kofunika kwambiri-mapulogalamu odalirika kwambiri. Zida zowonjezera zowonjezera zimawonjezera mtengo, koma zimapereka chenjezo lakale la zovuta zomwe zikuchitika.

Zoyembekeza Zenizeni

Kwa mapaketi opangidwa bwino a LFP traction pamikhalidwe yoyenera{3}}25-35 digirii yogwira ntchito, yofananira ndi ma cell, 80% ya DOD kupalasa njinga-yembekezerani mikombero 2,500-3,500 mpaka 80%. Kalendala nthawi zambiri imadutsa zaka 8-10 potengera momwe amasungirako.

Kuchita mwaukali kumapondereza manambalawa kwambiri. Kusayenderana bwino ndi ma cell,{1}}kutentha kwambiri, kutulutsa madzi osasunthika, kapena kusawongolera bwino kwa kutentha kungachepetse moyo wa service mpaka 1,200-1,800. Taziwona zonse monyanyira.

Kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa-zochitika zabwino kwambiri ndi zoipitsitsa{1}}kumafotokoza chifukwa chake magulu ogula zinthu omwe amawunika mabatire a lifiyamu aku mafakitale akuyenera kuyang'ana kupyola pamitu yankhani. Funsani zokhotakhota zowonongeka kuchokera kumadera ofananirako a magawo. Funsani zambiri zama cell popanga. Mvetserani filosofi ya kapangidwe ka kutentha. Mnzake aliyense wodziwika bwino wa lithium battery OEM akhoza kupereka izi-ndipo ayenera, popanda kutchinga.

Kodi Izi Zikutanthauza Chiyani Muzochita

Kuyerekeza kwa moyo wautumiki kumayendetsa mtengo wathunthu wa umwini. Phukusi la $ 15,000 lopereka maulendo 3,000 limawononga $ 5 / kuzungulira. Phukusi lomwelo lomwe limapereka maulendo a 1,500 limawononga $ 10 / kuzungulira. Mwadzidzidzi ubwino wa kagwiridwe ka ntchito kuposa lead{11}asidi umachepa kwambiri.

Oyang'anira zombo kuyerekeza opanga ma batri a forklift a lithiamu sayenera kuyima pamtengo wagawo ndikudzitengera moyo wozungulira. Dulani muzochita zopezera ma cell. Funsani za kulekerera kwa ma voliyumu ndi mphamvu zofananira pagulu la paketi. Mvetsetsani mawu achitsimikizo{3}}makamaka, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka komwe kumayambitsa kufalikira komanso momwe magwiridwe antchito amalepheretsa.

Fiziki yakuwonongeka kwa batri ya lithiamu imagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Chomwe chimalekanitsa mapaketi omwe amakhudza moyo wawo womwe akuyembekezeredwa ndi omwe amalephera ndikuwongolera uinjiniya pagawo lililonse: kusankha ma cell, kapangidwe kazotentha, kuwerengetsa kwa BMS, komanso kulankhulana moona mtima za zovuta zogwirira ntchito.

Takhala tikupanga mabatire a LiFePO4 opangira zida zogwirira ntchito kuyambira 2016. Njira zomwe tikuwona pakubwerera m'munda sizinasinthe kwambiri: kupsinjika kwa kutentha, kukulitsa kusagwirizana kwa ma cell, ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito kunja kwa malire a kapangidwe kazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolephera zambiri zoyambilira. Mapaketi omwe amagwira ntchito bwino amagawana zofanana-kufanana kwa ma cell, malire amafuta okwanira, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amamvetsetsa malire awo.

Izi sizosangalatsa kuposa kulengeza kwa chemistry. Koma ndizomwe zimatsimikizira ngati zombo zanu zikuwona moyo wautumiki momwe bizinesi yanu imaganizira.